<p>The New Century Guild, now the New Century Trust, is a historic womens support organization headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1882, it is one of the oldest and largest organizations devoted to meeting the needs of women in the labor force. From its founding, the organizations goal has been to address the specific needs of "self-supporting women." Its headquarters building at 1307 Locust Street in Center City, Philadelphia is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1882, Eliza Sproat Turner and other members of the New Century Club formed a committee for working women named the New Century Guild. Its purpose was to provide education and opportunities for working women to learn a vocation. Soon afterward, the Guild became a separate organization and it needed its own building by 1892 to support programs and classes. The New Century Trust was formed in 1893 to facilitate funding for its first building.</p><br>
<h2>Historic headquarters</h2><br>
<p>The Guild headquarters are in a four-story Italianate brick rowhouse built in 1851. It was purchased by the Guild in 1906 from the estate of Dr. Thomas Drysdale. In addition to housing the offices of the guild, it has a library and meeting spaces available for its membership. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993 in recognition of the guild&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Mimosa Hall is the name of a plantation house in Leigh, Texas. Mimosa Hall was built in 1844 by John J. Webster, an architect from Alabama who moved to the then Republic of Texas. John J. Webster was born in Alabama in 1796, the son of a revolutionary soldier. He moved to Texas in 1839 with his wife, Miriam Webster, and their children.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was the first brick house in Harrison County, originally situated in the middle of 7,000 acre of land. All of the bricks were made on the plantation, and the lumber was cut on the property by the slaves. The plantation was primarily used for planting.</p><br>
<p>The family cemetery was on the property adjoining the house. Nestled two miles (3 km) back in the woods, the cemetery is surrounded by an old brick wall on the top of a knoll. The original family were all buried there, and the cemetery is still maintained by their descendants.</p><br>
<p>The American Museum in Britain has in its permanent collection a quilt made by slaves on the Mimosa Hall Plantation. The quilt, c. 1860, is called "The Chalice."</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>Today the house sits in the middle of 150 acre, and is a private residence. It is registered in the National Register of Historic Places, along with its sister home in nearby Karnack, Texas, which was the birthplace of Lady Bird Johnson. The plantation stayed in the original family until the 1980s, when it was sold by Douglas Blocker. Mimosa Hall was then a bed and breakfast for several years, until it was sold to the current owners. Today the plantation is a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire is the oldest property insurance company in the United States. It was organized by Benjamin Franklin in 1752, and incorporated in 1768.</p><br>
<p>The Contributionship&#39;s building, at 212 S. 4th Street between Walnut and Locust Streets in the Society Hill neighborhood of Philadelphia, was built in 1835-36 and was designed by Thomas U. Walter in the Greek Revival style, with Corinthian columns. The portico was replaced in 1866 by Collins and Autenreith who also expanded the living quarters on the top two floors by the addition of a mansard roof. A marble cornice between the third and fourth floors was also added.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Philadelphia Contributionship was founded in 1752, largely through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. It was structured as a mutual insurance organization, providing fire insurance to a limited area in and around Philadelphia. It introduced several key principles that underpin modern insurance techniques, including inspecting properties to be insured, and setting rates based on a risk assessment. Buildings that were not constructed to specified standards were rejected for coverage, and rates could be raised for unsafe living practices, such as the storage of combustible materials in wooden buildings. The company also was the first to establish a financial reserve from which to pay claims.</p><br>
<p>The company directors at first met in taverns and other public meeting spaces, with larger organizational meetings taking place at the courthouse. Its directors finally purchased land for a permanent headquarters in 1835. Although the company has not innovated in insurance practices since its early days, it continues to function as an insurer in the Philadelphia area.</p><br>
<h2>Early directors</h2><br>
<p>The Reynolds-Morris House is a historic house at 225 South 8th Street in the Washington Square West neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Built in 1786&ndash;87 by John and William Reynolds, it is a well-preserved example of a Philadelphia Georgian townhouse. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1967, and is currently operated as a hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Reynolds-Morris House stands one block west of Washington Square in Philadelphia&#39;s Center City, on the east side of South 8th Street between St. James and Locust Streets. It is a 3-1/2 story brick building, with a gabled roof pierced by pedimented gable dormers. It is five bays wide, with the main entrance at the center, framed by pilasters and a half-round transom topped by a gable. The walls are laid in Flemish bond, with projecting stringcourses between the floors. Sash windows are set under heavy splayed stone lintels with scoring that is intended to resemble keystoning. The interior spaces are adorned with high quality Federal period woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The house is a rare example of a double rowhouse, built on two lots in 1786-87 by John and William Reynods. It was sold in 1817 to Luke Wistar Morris, the son of captain Samuel Morris of the First City Troop, of the prominent Morris family, who occupied the house for 120 years. Although it was built as a rowhouse, the neighboring houses were bought and torn down by the Morrises in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>North Pack Monadnock or North Pack Monadnock Mountain is a 2,276 ft monadnock in south-central New Hampshire, at the northern end of the Wapack Range of mountains. It lies within Greenfield and Temple, New Hampshire; the 22 mi Wapack Trail traverses the mountain. Ledges on the summit offer long views north to the White Mountains and west to Mount Monadnock. Pack Monadnock Mountain is directly to the south along the Wapack ridgeline. The upper elevations of the mountain are within Miller State Park.</p><br>
<p>According to local tradition, the word "pack" is a Native American word for "little&quot "monadnock" is used to describe an isolated mountain summit. Thus "Pack Monadnock" (Little Monadnock) refers to its relationship to the higher Mount Monadnock, 3,165 ft, 11 mi to the west. It should not be confused with the similarly named peak Little Monadnock Mountain, 17 mi to the west.</p><br>
<p>The east side of the mountain drains into the Souhegan River watershed, thence into the Merrimack River and Atlantic Ocean; the west side drains into the Contoocook River, thence into the Merrimack River.</p><br>
<p>Pack Monadnock or Pack Monadnock Mountain 2,290 ft, is the highest peak of the Wapack Range of mountains and the highest point in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. The mountain, a monadnock, is located in south-central New Hampshire within the towns of Peterborough and Temple. The 22 mi Wapack Trail and a number of shorter trails traverse the mountain. A firetower and ledges on the summit offer long views north to the White Mountains, west to Mount Monadnock, and south into Massachusetts. North Pack Monadnock Mountain is located directly to the north along the Wapack ridgeline; Temple Mountain to the south.</p><br>
<p>Much of the mountain is located within Miller State Park. A seasonal automobile road ascends from the south to a picnic area at the summit. The summit also has a manned air-pollution monitoring station.</p><br>
<p>The east side of the mountain drains into the Souhegan River watershed, thence into the Merrimack River and Atlantic Ocean; the west side drains into the Contoocook River, thence into the Merrimack River.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is the home of the Pack Monadnock Raptor Migration Observatory, where birdwatchers from around the region gather for the annual hawk migration. During the peak migration season in September, birdwatchers search the sky for kettles of hundreds of hawks swarming above rising thermals as they migrate south.</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s summit at Peterborough is also home to the transmitter of NOAA Weather Radio station WNG575.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>According to local tradition, the word "pack" is a Native American word for "little" and "monadnock" is used to describe an isolated mountain summit; thus "Little Monadnock" refers to its relationship to the higher Mount Monadnock, 3,165 ft, 11 mi to the west. Pack Monadnock should not be confused with Little Monadnock Mountain, located 17 mi to the west.</p><br>
<p>The Homathko Icefield is an icefield in British Columbia, Canada. Officially named the Homathko Snowfield from 1950 until the current name was adopted in 1976, it is one of the largest icefields in the southern half of the Coast Mountains, with an area of over 2,000 km&sup2;. It is located between Chilko Lake and the Homathko River, and lies across the Great Canyon of that river to the east of the Waddington Range. Although adjacent to Mount Queen Bess, the Homathko Icefield is largely an expanse of ice, about 30 km across, ringed by relatively minor peaks and distinguished, relative to the other Coast Mountains icefields, by lack of any major ones. The Lillooet Icecap and the Compton Névé, both similar in size to the Homathko Icefield but much more peak-studded, lie to the Homathko Icefield&#39;s southeast across the Southgate River which bends around the icefield-massif&#39;s southern flank to reach the head of Bute Inlet adjacent to the mouth of the Homathko River. The icefield is essentially one large ice-girt montane plateau between these two rivers.</p><br>
<p>The highest summit of the icefield is Mount Grenville, located at its southern edge. Among its other peaks are Plateau Peak, Cambridge Peak, Cloister Peak, Galleon Peak and, on its northwest overlooking the site of the opening battle of the Chilcotin War, Klattasine Peak, named for the Tsilhqot&#39;in leader of the war. Just northeast of the icefield is Mount Queen Bess, the second-highest summit in the Pacific Ranges, and to the icefield&#39;s east is Mount Good Hope; near it, and within the icefield, are peaks whose names continue the Elizabethan theme - Burghley Peak, Howard Peak, and Walsingham Peak, named after soldiers and statesmen of that era.</p><br>
<p>Homathko is a derivation of Homalco or Homalhco or Homalhko, who are a subgroup of the Mainland Comox whose territory includes Bute and Toba Inlets.</p><br>
<p>Historic RittenhouseTown, sometimes referred to as Rittenhouse Historic District, encompasses the remains of an early industrial community which was the site of the first paper mill in British North America. The mill was built in 1690 by William Rittenhouse and his son Nicholas on the north bank of Paper Mill Run  near  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The district, off Lincoln Drive near Wissahickon Avenue in Fairmount Park, includes six of up to forty-five original buildings. RittenhouseTown was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark District on April 27, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Flax was woven into linen in nearby Germantown. When the linen fabrics wore out, the rags were brought to RittenhouseTown to be made into paper. Paper produced at the Rittenhouse mill was sold to printers in Germantown, Philadelphia, and New York City. The Rittenhouse paper mill operated until about the 1850s, by which time the family was leasing its facilities out to other types of manufacturing.</p><br>
<p>Between the years 1890 and 1917, the site was acquired through donations and purchases by the City of Philadelphia&#39;s Fairmount Park Commission. A nonprofit organization called was founded in 1984 to preserve, restore, and historically interpret RittenhouseTown. The organization maintains offices within RittenhouseTown and offers historic tours, paper making workshops and special events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>RittenhouseTown includes six historic buildings maintained by Historic RittenhouseTown: Abraham Rittenhouse Home (c. 1720); Rittenhouse Homestead (1707); Rittenhouse Bake House (c. 1730); Enoch Rittenhouse Home (1845); Jacob Rittenhouse Home (1810); and another unnamed 18th century Rittenhouse Home. The Rittenhouse Bake House is used for cooking demonstrations. A 20th century barn originally built for the Fairmount Park Commission is now used for paper-making workshops and demonstrations.</p><br>
<p>Most of RittenhouseTown&#39;s buildings are built of stone and finished in stucco, and generally exhibit colonial building methods. They are all that are left of a much larger industrial complex and worker village, of which more than thirty-five buildings have been demolished. The area also includes archaeological industrial remains of some of the mill buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Sully Residence is a historic rowhouse at 530 Spruce Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was briefly  a home of painter Thomas Sully , who lived in Philadelphia for the last 64 years of his life. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It is a private residence, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Sully House is located in Philadelphia&#39;s Center City, on the south side of Spruce Street roughly midway between 5th and 6th Streets. It is one of several brick rowhouses on the block. It is 3-1/2 stories in height, with a gabled roof pierced by a single gabled dormer. The facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the rightmost bay. The entrance is framed by pilasters, and a transom window with cornice above. The trim is all white marble. The building is not architecturally distinguished.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1820, with subsequent construction in 1860. It is one of many homes occupied by the painter Thomas Sully during 64 years of residence in the city. Although he was born in England, Sully came to the United States as a child in 1792, and became one of the nation&#39;s most prolific painters of the first half of the 19th century, producing more than 2,600 works in his long career. After living in Charleston, South Carolina and New York City, Sully came to Philadelphia in 1808. It remained his home until his death in 1872, although he is recorded as living at many different local addresses.</p><br>
<p>The Henry O. Tanner House is a historic house at 2908 West Diamond Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was from 1872 to 1888 the childhood home of Henry Ossawa Tanner , an African-American artist who was the first of his race to be elected to National Academy of Design. This rowhouse was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Henry O. Tanner House is located on Philadelphia&#39;s north side, on the south side of West Diamond Street between 29th and 30th Streets. It is a three-story brick rowhouse, set between a similar-height rowhouse and the modern Mount Lebanon Church. It has a three-part picture window with flanking sashes on the ground floor, with the entrance to its left, both devoid of styling. The upper two levels are filled with an oriel window bay, whose exterior has been clad in aluminum siding. The building cornice has also been covered in aluminum, although projecting decorative brackets are visible at the ends. The interior of the building has also been significantly altered since occupation by the Tanners.</p><br>
<p>Henry Ossawa Tanner&#39;s parents moved to Philadelphia in 1866, and were documented living here in 1872. Encouraged by well-educated parents, Tanner embarked on the study of art, enrolling in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1880 and studying with Thomas Eakins. Tanner achieved his greatest success in Paris, where he settled in 1891, in part to avoid the harsh racial climate in the United States at the time. His works won awards at the annual Salons in 1896 and 1897. In 1927 he was elected a full member of the American National Academy of Design, the first African-American to be so honored.</p><br>
<p>Vårbyfjärden  is a strait in south-eastern Lake Mälaren south-west of Stockholm in Sweden.</p><br>
<p>Vårbyfjärden separates Ekerö island and Ekerö Municipality north of it, from Södertälje and Huddinge Municipalities south of it and Stockholm Municipality on its western side. South of Vårbyfjärden is Albysjön,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Of the three islands in the bay, Estbröte, appears in the Chronicle of Eric. In 1206, the wife of the legendary Jarl Jon Jarl caught a band of Estonian pirates on the island and had them all executed as a revenge for her husband&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>The eastern shore is known to have been inhabited since pre-historic times, when beacons there were ignited to warn when hostile ships approached. A man who guarded the strait was called a vörðr, which gave the bay and various locations surrounding it their names. A treasure from the 10th century found there contained Arabian coins and jewels,</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>Vårbyfjärden, which is surrounded by several suburbs such as Botkyrka, Skärholmen, and Vårby gård, is an important recreational area for thousands of people. Fishing, sailing, canoeing, and bathing are popular activities during summers. There is a marina at Slagsta where ferries offers trips across the bay.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental impact</h3><br>
<p>Water quality is good as the strait is located downstream from Södra Björkfjärden, one of the largest and cleanest bodies of water in Lake Mälaren. The marina at Slagsta contributes some oil and paint spills. Closer to Stockholm stormwater discharge causes increased levels of chloride and phosphorus.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Vascular plants present include reed,</p><br>
<p>common club-rush,</p><br>
<p>cattail, Scottish dock,</p><br>
<p>flowering rush, yellow iris,</p><br>
<p>water plantain, shoreweed,</p><br>
<p>spring quillwort,</p><br>
<p>quillwort, eight-stamened waterwort,</p><br>
<p>needle spike-rush,</p><br>
<p>amphibious bistort,</p><br>
<p>arrowhead,</p><br>
<p>perfoliate pondweed,</p><br>
<p>fennel pondweed,</p><br>
<p>lesser pondweed,</p><br>
<p>various-leaved pondweed,</p><br>
<p>grass-wrack pondweed,</p><br>
<p>rigid hornswort,</p><br>
<p>horned pondweed,</p><br>
<p>Nuttail&#39;s waterweed,</p><br>
<p>alternate water-milfoil,</p><br>
<p>spiked water-milfoil, and</p><br>
<p>autumnal water-starwort.</p><br>
<p>Along the shores grow trees such as ash, elm, hybrid crack willow, oak, aspen, bird cherry, black alder, bay willow, grey willow, and goat willow.</p><br>
<p>There are 33 naturally occurring fish species in Vårbysfjärden, making it the richest in fish species in Sweden. Common species include northern pike, perch, roach, rudd, silver bream, carp bream, bleak, European smelt, zander, burbot, tench, and crucian carp. Additionally, there a range of introduced species such as lake trout, char, salmon, and spined loach. The presence of fourhorn sculpins is a reminder from the time when lake Mälaren was a still bay forming part of the Baltic Sea.</p><br>
<p>Vårbyfjärden was one of the first maritime environments in Sweden to suffer crayfish plague which hit the lake in 1907. The plague was introduced in Lake Mälaren by affected animals thrown into the water at Kornhamnstorg in central Stockholm, from where ships carrying crayfishes spread the disease further inland. Since then signal crayfish has been introduced.</p><br>
<p>Common birds include mallard, coot, goldeneye, merganser, common gull, black-headed gull, herring gull, great black-backed gull, lesser black-backed gull, great cormorant, great crested grebe, mute swan, common sandpiper, and grey heron. Along the shores long-tailed tit, thrush nightingale, and lesser spotted woodpecker are common birds. White-tailed eagle and osprey visit the lake regularly, while some other species are seen less frequently, such as black-throated diver and common moorhen.</p><br>
<p>Northern bat, Daubentons bat, soprano pipistrelle, and Brandts bat have been observed during guided tours around Vårby Gård. Amphibians include common frog and toads.</p><br>
<p>Sebastopol House Historic Site is an antebellum Greek Revival house built of concrete, located in Seguin, Texas, United States. Joshua W. Young built it between 1854 and 1856 for his sister, Catherine LeGette. Today Sebastopol is one of some 20 surviving buildings that give Seguin the largest concentration of early 19th century structures in the USA</p><br>
<p>As a result of its unusual concrete construction, Sebastopol House was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey (H.A.B.S.) in 1936, made a Registered Texas Historical Landmark in 1964, and then listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1970. It is a prime example of the limecrete structures of Seguin. The house is constructed entirely of unreinforced cast-in-place concrete and it is one of the oldest and largest structures in the state using this building method.</p><br>
<p>This process was developed and patented by doctor and chemist John Park, who had moved to Seguin in 1846. But he soon had imitators and competitors, contractors like Joshua Young. Often slaves did the hard physical work, using boards to build forms, kept at the right width (12 to 18 inches) by screws and oak spacers when the limecrete mixture was poured into the forms, and allowed to harden. Then the forms were raised another foot or so and the process repeated.</p><br>
<p>A large part of the "Park&#39;s concrete" mix was caliche, a thick deposit of gravelly clay that underlies Seguin. Usually the caliche was dug out on site, providing a basement level, as at Sebastopol. The caliche was then mixed with sand, lime made from nearby limestone deposits, and organic materials like straw or horsehair. The exterior walls were usually whitewashed, and the interiors often had woodwork or wainscoting of local walnut, oak or pecan.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Zorn, Jr. bought the house in 1874 and it remained in the Zorn family until 1961. Zorn was mayor of Seguin from 1890 to 1910, and played a major role in establishing the first system of free public schools in the town.</p><br>
<p>The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department acquired the house and grounds by purchase in 1976 from the Seguin Conservation Society, which by agreement had preserved the house until the state agency could get funds for the restoration in its budget. Sebastopol was again opened to the public in September 1989. The house is restored to its 1880s appearance. In 2011 ownership was transferred to the City of Seguin.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer-Marsh House is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark on Main Street south of Carteret Street in Bath, North Carolina. Built in 1744, it is one of the oldest residences in North Carolina, and is a well-preserved example of a large colonial town house with a commercial space built in. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970. It is now a North Carolina state historic site, and is open for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer-Marsh House is located in the center of Bath, on the east side of South Main Street just south of its junction with Carteret Street (North Carolina Highway 92). It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a brick-faced foundation. It is oriented facing south, with a seven-bay facade that has a center entrance with minimal trim. The other facades have secondary entrances at their centers. The secondary entrance on the street-facing west side opens into a large chamber that extends the full depth of the house, with a parlor and study continuing across the front. The interior retains some original features, including wide pine floors and exposed timber framing.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1744 by Michael Coutanch, who used the large western room as a shop. In later years this space is also said to have played host to the colonial legislature when it met in Bath. In the 1760s it was purchased by Robert Palmer, who served as the royal collector of the port, and was on the governor&#39;s council. In 1802 the house was purchased by brothers Jonathan and Daniel Gould Marsh, whose family owned it until 1915. It underwent restoration by Historic Bath in 1960-62, and was given to the state in 1963; it has served as a museum property ever since.</p><br>
<p>The Terhune House is located at 161 Godwin Avenue in Wyckoff, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was initially constructed in 1737, with the second major renovation occurring in 1776. Terhune family lore suggests that the family were French Huguenots who fled France in the 16th century to pursue their religious beliefs. The family settled in Holland and after two or three generations of intermarrying within the Dutch community they set their sights on Pre-Colonial America. Albert Albertse ter Hune arrived on the shores of New Netherland  from Holland in December 1637. Arriving on the ship “Calmar Sleutel” he settled, for what would become the 1st of 15 generations of Terhunes in North America.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Albert Albertse ter Hune married Geertj and they had seven children. The eldest son Jan Albertse Terhune inherited the family farm near Gravesend in Long Island. It was his second son and third child Albert Albertse Terhune Jr., who purchased some 5,000 acre of land near to what is now Hackensack, New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>Original structure</h2><br>
<p>The original structure, a stone home, with an outside cellar, and staircase that led to a loft with sleeping quarters, was constructed using Dutch home building methods prevalent at the time of construction.</p><br>
<h2>Sister home</h2><br>
<p>This house was originally a twin to the Van Blarcom House located just to the south. It has been altered by the removal of the original west wall with the first addition being added (early, as the workmanship is much the same). A frame addition was added to the west of the home in 1877. The home was purchased by the Van Blarcom family in 1895.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Several characteristics that identify this beautiful and historic include dual fireplaces in the original house, and "Honeymoon Pines", a gift from the parents of an engaged couple who would soon occupy the home. The original home structure was built with 24 in thick walls mortared with mud, pig bristles, clam shells and stone. The main pilings consist of pine tree trunks. Additions were built in 1877, 1895 and again in 1960. The original home was a gift to an engaged couple who would soon occupy the house.</p><br>
<p>Asilomar Conference Grounds is a conference center built for the Young Womens Christian Association . It is located east of what was known as Moss Beach on the western tip of the Monterey Peninsula in Pacific Grove, California. Between 1913 and 1929 architect Julia Morgan designed and built 16 of the buildings on the property, of which 11 are still standing. In 1956 it became part of the State Division of Beaches and Parks of Californias Department of Natural Resources, and Moss Beach was renamed Asilomar State Beach. Asilomar is a derivation of the Spanish phrase asilo al mar, meaning asylum or refuge by the sea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The annual conference of the YWCA of the Pacific Coast had been held at the Capitola, California hotel through 1911. Probably because they had outgrown the space, and because the YWCA had a goal of purchasing grounds, Phoebe Apperson Hearst hosted the 1912 conference at her Hacienda in Pleasanton, California, with all proceeds of that years conference going toward the purchase of a permanent home. A resulting YWCA committee persuaded the Pacific Improvement Company of Pacific Grove, California to deed 30 acre to the YWCA in 1912. In early 1913 the YWCA announced that Julia Morgan, already at work on the Oakland YWCA building, would design the campgrounds. Construction began in the spring of 1913 and in August 1913 the Social Hall and the lodging Longhouses opened with nearly 300 girls in attendance. Merrill Hall, the last of Morgans designs for Asilomar, was dedicated in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Several other prominent California women including Ellen Browning Scripps, Mrs. Warren Olney Jr. and Mary Sroufe Merrill were involved in the creation of the retreat.</p><br>
<p>The winning entry in the naming contest was by Helen Salisbury, a Stanford student. Her entry created a portmanteau from two Spanish words: Asilo and Mar.</p><br>
<p>Asilomar was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987 for its role in women&#39;s recreation, the development of the YWCA, and the resort nature of nearby Monterey, California.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The property is officially named "Asilomar State Beach and Conference Grounds", and is owned by California State Parks. It is currently used primarily as a conference center for hire but is also open to individual lodging guests and is frequently used for family reunions and other social events. The grounds are open to the public. From 1956 until 1994 several non-profit corporations managed the conference grounds in cooperation with California State Parks. Delaware North Companies Parks and Resorts operated the park from 1997 to 2007 under a concessionaire agreement. Aramark won a new 20-year operating contract in January 2009 and began operations there in September of that year.</p><br>
<p>To preserve the rustic atmosphere of the resort, there are no telephones or televisions in any of the rooms. However, Wi-Fi has recently been installed throughout the property.</p><br>
<p>In October, 2012 construction began to improve Asilomar&#39;s accessibility under Americans with Disabilities Guidelines. This includes replacement of several old, worn, and rugged asphalt pathways and the construction of new paths made of brick pavers. Construction work will continue into 2014 and will include modifications to improve interior access to several rooms as well as the exterior improvements.</p><br>
<h2>Notable conferences</h2><br>
<p>1975 Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA</p><br>
<p>2010 Asilomar international conference on climate intervention technologies</p><br>
<p>1969–2012 West Coast Number Theory (mostly odd years)</p><br>
<p>2017 Beneficial AI conference on artificial intelligence</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Wayne Dyer&#39;s movie, The Shift (2009) was shot at Asilomar State Beach and at the Asilomar Conference Grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Indian River Baptist Church is a historic former church building on Maine State Route 187, near its crossing of the Indian River in Addison, Maine. Built in 1853-54, it is one of the community&#39;s most sophisticated architectural structures, exhibiting transitional Greek Revival and Italianate styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The building is now maintained by a local nonprofit organization.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Indian River Baptist Church is located in eastern Addison, on the east side of Indian River Road (ME 187), just north of its junction with Crowley Island Road, and of its crossing of the Indian River near its mouth. It is a modestly sized single-story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof topped by a square tower, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The tower is a short two-stage structure centered on the ridge above the front facade, with grouped square columns surrounding an open belfry, and a square louvered cupola with pyramidal roof above. The front facade is symmetrical, with a pair of entrances flanking a large central sash window. The entrances are flanked on both sides by paneled pilasters that rise to a full entablature; pilasters are also found at the building corners. The front-facing gable is fully pedimented. The entablature is continued around the sides, which each have three large sasn windows. The interior retains original flooring, plaster walls, and pews.</p><br>
<p>The origins of the Indian River Baptist congregation are uncertain, but it had grown by 1853 to accept the land on which this church was built as a gift from Susannah K. Emerson. The church was built in 1853-54 by Norman Ward, a local builder. Since most of Addison&#39;s 19th-century architecture is vernacular residential work, this building stands out for its distinctive Italianate and Greek Revival features. The church is relatively unaltered since its construction; the tower, built 1905-10, is its only major alteration. The church was by then nearly inactive, and the building was maintained by local volunteers, who organized as the Indian River Community Association and took over its ownership in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Bentonville Battlefield is a North Carolina state historic site at 5466 Harper House Road in Johnston County, North Carolina. It belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources and is the site of the 1865 Battle of Bentonville, fought in the waning days of the American Civil War. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bentonville Battlefield is located in southern Johnston County, roughly midway between Newton Grove and Bentonville. The visitors center is located at the junction of Harper House Road and Mill Creek Church Road (County Roads 1008 and 1108, respectively). It is roughly at the southwestern corner of the area in which the battle took place, which extends most of the way to Bentonville, and is also the location of the Harper House, the only surviving building from the time of the battle. Evidence of earthworks erected by both Union and Confederate forces is visible in the agricultural fields in this area.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Bentonville was fought March 19–21, 1865, and was the largest Civil War battle fought in North Carolina. The Confederate defeat marked a serious weakening of one of its last surviving major armies, but was a significant enough engagement that it convinced Union General Ulysses S. Grant to leave General William T. Sherman in North Carolina, in order to further subdue the surviving forces led by General Joseph E. Johnston.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>Visitors to the Bentonville Battlefield can tour the restored Harper House, which has been furnished as a Civil War field hospital, and includes a reconstructed kitchen and slave quarters. Exhibits at the park&#39;s visitor center focus on the battle, and include interactive maps, artifacts and displays about soldiers and commanders from both armies. There is also a 10-minute audiovisual program about the battle. Outdoor exhibits in the park include the Federal XX Corps reserve trenches, the Harper family cemetery, a Confederate mass grave, several monuments and a field fortification exhibit.</p><br>
<p>The former Odd Fellows Hall, located at 231 West Washington Row in Sandusky, Ohio, in the United States, is an historic building built in 1889 by members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. It is also known as the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Temple and Ogontz Lodge No. 66. On May 1, 2003, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1889 by members of Ogontz Lodge No. 66 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Like many lodge halls of the time, it had business and commercial space on the ground floor while the lodge hall was upstairs.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The building is now used for business and office space. Many local attorneys have their offices in it.</p><br>
<p>The Bethania Historic District encompasses the historic planned center of the town of Bethania, North Carolina. A National Historic Landmark District, it is a rare example of a Moravian linear agricultural village in the United States, planned and founded in 1759. Land use and road patterns of the original plan are still discernible in the community. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001, and is at 500 acre the largest historic district in Forsyth County.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bethania is located on the outskirts of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in the northwestern part of Forsyth County. The area that is now Forsyth County was sold to members of the Moravian Church, who called the area Wachovia. In 1753 they established a temporary community at Bethabara, with the intent of establishing permanent settlements elsewhere on the tract. Planned by Christian Philip Gottlieb Reuter, Bethania was the first permanent settlement laid out and established in 1759 on 2,000 acre of the nearly 100,000 acre Wachovia tract. Reuter&#39;s plan called for a compact village settlement near Muddy Creek, with agricultural areas near the creek and in the uplands above the village. The settlement had four defined areas, each of which was divided into 24 parcels: Residential Lots, Orchard Lots, Bottom Lots, and Upland Lots, reflecting their locations and intended uses. A network of roads was laid out to provide access to these parcels. This basic plan was enlarged as the threat of Native American attack subsided, with new lots allocated into the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The original road layout and usage of a significant portion of the original layout of the community is still visible in Bethania today. The principal through roads and access roads are Main Street, Bethania Road, Bethania-Rural Hall Road, and Loesch&#39;s Lane, with the village center further served by Town Lot Drive. Many of the agricultural lots continue to see agricultural use, although some have been developed into residential subdivisions. Some of the buildings lining Main Street date to the 1760s and 1770s, representing the early development of the town.</p><br>
<p>Historic Bethania operates a visitor center, and provides a map for self-guided walking tours of the town.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandria Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District in Alexandria, Virginia. Encompassing all of the citys Old Town and some adjacent areas, this area contains one of the nations best-preserved assemblages of the late-18th and early-19th century urban architecture. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Alexandria was chartered in 1748, and its city center was laid out as a grid of streets on the west bank of the Potomac River. One of the surveyors involved in this work was future United States President George Washington. The city grew to become a major seaport serving much of northern Virginia, and its streets were lined with Federal style townhouses. The city remained a major port, dealing principally in grain and tobacco, until the American Civil War. Elements of its historic importance as a port continues in the survival of several waterfront warehouses from that period.</p><br>
<p>Other National Historic Landmarks within the district include:</p><br>
<p>Christ Church</p><br>
<p>Gadsby&#39;s Tavern Museum</p><br>
<p>Other National Register-listed properties within the district include:</p><br>
<p>Bank of Alexandria</p><br>
<p>Alexandria City Hall</p><br>
<p>The district boundaries are the Potomac River to the east, Queen Street to the north, Jones Point and the Capital Beltway to the south, and Alfred Street to the west. There are a few extensions beyond these bounds, notably along Washington Street as far north as 2nd Street. The commercial center of the district is around S. Washington Street and King Street. Notable buildings in that area include the Art Deco Virginia Public Service building at 117 S. Washington, the Post Office and Courthouse at 200 S. Washington, and the Burke and Herbert Bank at 625 King.</p><br>
<p>Aquia Church is a historic church and congregation at 2938 Jefferson Davis Highway  in Stafford, Virginia, USA. It is an Episcopal congregation founded in 1711, that meets in an architecturally exceptional Georgian brick building that was built in the 1750s. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991 for its architectural importance. It maintains an active congregation with a variety of programs and outreach to the community.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Aquia Church is located west of Aquia Harbour and north of Stafford, at the northeast corner of United States Route 1 and the end of Virginia Highway 610, just east of Interstate 95. It is set back from the road on a wooded hilltop. It is a two-story cruciform structure, built out of bricks laid in Flemish bond, with sandstone trim elements. The roof is hipped, and a short square tower rises from one end, topped by a cross-gabled roof, circular cupola, and cross. The building corners are quoined in stone, and the first-floor windows are set in rectangular openings with keystones. The second-floor windows are round-arched, also with stone keystones at the tops. The building is set on a 20th-century concrete foundation with a brick water table, replacing its original foundation in 1915-16.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s cruciform plan is not common for colonial period churches, and it is also rare for churches from that period to have a full second story. The church was built on the site of two earlier Anglican churches of Overwharton Parish, which was formed before 1680 by the division of Potomac Parish and received its first permanent minister in 1711. Its exterior was built 1751-55, using sandstone quarried nearby for the trim. In 1757 the building was gutted by fire, and was rebuilt in the surviving shell. The interior is largely original, and has richly detailed woodwork, including one of the finest known colonial period pedimented altarpieces in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Bulloo River is an isolated drainage system in western Queensland, central Australia. Its floodplain, which extends into northern New South Wales, is an important area for waterbirds when inundated. It comprises most of the Bulloo-Bancannia drainage basin.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bulloo is the only river in the region not part of either the Murray–Darling basin or the Lake Eyre basin; instead it flows into several ephemeral lakes which are blocked by low hills from reaching the Lake Frome, the Paroo River or the Lake Bancannia systems. In its lowest reaches, which extend to near Tibooburra, New South Wales, is the distributary known as Bella Creek. It is believed that in past wet periods the Bulloo has had connections to Lake Frome because its fish fauna resembles that of the Lake Eyre basin rather than that of the Murray–Darling basin. Several tributaries flow into the Bulloo in its upper reaches, the largest being Blackwater Creek. Ranges of low hills prevent the lower reaches of the Bulloo from receiving significant tributaries.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Hydrologically, the Bulloo is very similar to the Darling River and Cooper Creek. It is usually completely dry except for water holes, but during years of strong monsoonal activity in the summer the Bulloo can flood heavily to discharges of more than 1000 m³/s, and annual flows of up to five times the mean. In dry years annual rainfall can be as low as 100mm (4 inches) throughout the basin and years of zero runoff are not unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Annual rainfall throughout the basin ranges from 330 mm (13 inches) in the north to 200 mm (8 inches) in the south, with the northward increase being due to higher falls in the summer. In the winter, rainfall is rare throughout the basin, with the average between April and October generally around 115 mm (4.5 inches), though on extremely rare occasions such as 1920-1921 and 1956 the river has had a significant flood during the winter. The basin was flooded in the March 2010 Queensland floods and again in the floods of early 2012.</p><br>
<p>Temperatures in the summer are extreme throughout except during monsoonal activity, with mean maxima around 38 °C (100 °F) in January and minina around 23 °C (74 °F). In the winter maxima remain warm, ranging from 20 °C (68 °F) in the south to 25 °C (77 °F) in the north, but frosts are not unknown at night.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The Bulloo basin is used almost exclusively for the extensive grazing of sheep and cattle. The only towns within the basin are the former opal mining town of Quilpie and, further downstream, Thargomindah. There is only one major protected area, Idalia National Park, in the entire basin, located in the river&#39;s headwaters.</p><br>
<p>The Bulloo floodplain, with an area of about 9240 km is classified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area. When it floods the site supports several hundred thousand waterbirds, with over 1% of the populations of red-necked avocet, grey teal, Australasian shoveler, Pink-eared duck and freckled duck. It also contains the entire population of a subspecies of the grey grasswren.</p><br>
<p>Bybee Pottery, historically known also as Cornelison Pottery, is a historic industrial facility in Bybee, Kentucky, United States. Located in a vernacular structure with the appearance of a barn, Cornelison is among the oldest pottery manufacturers west of the Appalachian Mountains still in operation. The facility now uses a modern kiln.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1809 according to local lore, the potterys earliest years are undocumented; the earliest clear references to the facility are sales records from 1845, but even this date demonstrates that Cornelison is Madison Countys oldest industry. Pottery was first thrown at Cornelison by a local farmer, James Eli Cornelison, who observed that his farm contained substantial amounts of high-quality clay that was ready for industrial purposes without any preparation.</p><br>
<p>The pottery facility was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as "Cornelison Pottery".</p><br>
<p>The former Odd Fellows Hall, located at 536 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the United States, is a historic building built in 1884 by members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On April 13, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is now The Dance Complex, founded by Rozann Kraus in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1884 by members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Like many lodge halls of the time, it had business and commercial space on the ground floor while the lodge hall was upstairs.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Hall is now owned and run by the Dance Complex, which was formed to buy and save the building. The facilities include 6 dance studios and the Julie Ince Thompson Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Mount Erie is a mountain in Skagit County, Washington. The park land is owned and operated by the city of Anacortes and is located in the south of the Anacortes Community Forest Lands.</p><br>
<p>Mount Erie was named in 1841 by the Wilkes Expedition for the Battle of Lake Erie.</p><br>
<p>The mountain itself was first explored in the 1960s by local climbers, including Dallas Kloke. The mountain is known for its climbing as well as the view from the summit. Mount Erie is a city park operated by the City of Anacortes and the summit is accessible via a single-lane, paved road from the base. At 1,273 feet (388 meters) tall, Mount Erie is the highest point on Fidalgo Island. Mount Baker, which lies about 43 miles to the northeast, can easily be seen from Mount Erie. On a clear day, Mount Rainier can be seen in the southeast, approximately 117 miles distant.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is composed mostly of feldspar and hornblende rich diorite.</p><br>
<p>The band Mount Eerie, known as The Microphones before 2004, is named after this northwestern location. Principal member singer/songwriter Phil Elverum grew up in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Located near the Fidalgo Complex in the San Juan Islands of Washington Mt. Erie has a unique and somewhat puzzling composition. Mt. Erie is thought to have been formed during the Jurassic period (155-170 Ma.) by invasive volcanic flows creating batholithic masses of diorite, which also helped to create the island arcs associated with the San Juan Islands. By the end of the late Jurassic period the area experienced uplift and erosion and was subjected to intense folding and faulting. At this point most of the deposited Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments had been eroded away exposing the plutons of diorite, which is the primary igneous rock found on Mt Erie.</p><br>
<p>At some point the diorite pluton experienced intrusion by gabbro dikes associated with the formation of oceanic seafloor, indicating that the area may have experienced periods of submersion as the Juan de Fuca plate subducted underneath the North American plate accreted the area. This whole process of constant uplift and erosion followed by accretion is thought to have created the unique ophiolites associated with the San Juan Islands and primarily the Fidalgo Complex located near the mountain.</p><br>
<p>During the Quaternary Period the area experienced many glacial periods and retreats and such evidence for the glacial erosion of Mt. Erie itself can be observed at the summit of the mountain as large striations in the diorite and gabbro. These periods of glacial erosion were separated by warming trends and continue to present day.</p><br>
<p>Barrett Mountain is a mountain located in south-central New Hampshire within the Wapack Range of mountains. It lies within the town of New Ipswich and is traversed by the 22 mi Wapack Trail. Kidder Mountain is located directly to the north along the Wapack ridgeline; New Ipswich Mountain to the south. The summit of the mountain is mostly wooded. A cross-country ski area occupies the north side of Barrett Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The east side of the mountain drains into the Souhegan River watershed, to the Merrimack River thence the Atlantic Ocean; the northwest side drains into the Gridley River, to the Contoocook River thence into the Merrimack River; the southwest side drains into the Millers River watershed, to the Connecticut River, thence into Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District in Stone Ridge, New York, United States, is located along US 209/NY 213 in that hamlet, part of the Town of Marbletown in Ulster County. It is a strip from the southern end of the unincorporated community to a short distance north of the intersection at Cooper Street, where the 209/213 concurrency ends. The latter highway turns left  towards the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Main Street&#39;s 70 acres (28 ha) contain 97 resources on 38 separate lots. All but five are contributing properties to the historic character of the district. In 1988, Main Street Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are mostly houses, dating from the 18th and early 19th centuries. The earlier structures are stone houses such as the Hasbrouck House at the districts southern boundary and the 1767 Cornelius Wynkoop Stone House, where George Washington once slept. Later buildings show the Federal and Greek Revival styles, such as the Tack Tavern, the Marbletown Dutch Reformed Church, and the town library (which was once the house of Edward Lounsbery). A few Craftsman and Victorian houses are scattered among the older homes. The entire strip has been relatively unchanged since the early 20th century, with the only significant addition being Marbletowns town hall and accompanying garages.</p><br>
<p>From the earliest settlement of the area, development remained close to what was then the Old Mine Road. There were no side streets because the land on both sides of the road slopes down to unbuildable wetlands. Due to the short setback of the houses and other buildings, the lots—which range in size from one-quarter acre to more than twenty acres—appear smaller than they are.</p><br>
<p>Many houses also have historic outbuildings in their rear.</p><br>
<p>Albysjön  is a lake forming part of Lake Mälaren. It separates Botkyrka Municipality and Huddinge Municipality in south-western Stockholm, Sweden.</p><br>
<p>The lake, which is filling a geological fault, has steep cliffs along the western shore. To the north it connects to Vårbyfjärden through the narrow strait Fittja näset. It is an important recreational area for inhabitants in the neighbouring suburbs Alby, Vårby gård, and Myrstuguberget, as well as for a large number of other visitors attracted by the Flottsbro Open-air Area and its bath in the southern end of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>Next to the bath in the southern end of the lake is the tallest ski slope in Stockholm together with Gömsta Äng Nature Reserve. Angling is free on the lake and very popular in summers, while jigging attracts many people in winters when ice cover allows. The Flottsbro Open-air Area offers walking tracks, restaurants, camping, and many other open-air facilities available throughout the year. In summers kayaks, canoes, Canadian canoes are available for rent.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental impact</h3><br>
<p>Albysjön is rich in nutrients derived mostly from the surrounding catchment area. The lake receives stormwater discharge from a 6 km large area in Botkyrka and a 4 km area in Huddinge.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The aquatic flora composed of reed, common club-rush, flowering rush, yellow iris, greater water-parsnip, brooklime, bulbous rush, toad rush, eight-stamened waterwort, needle spike-rush, spring quillwort, amphibious bistort, pale persicaria, rigid hornwort, horned pondweed, perfoliate pondweed, blunt-leaved pondweed, grass-wrack pondweed, fennel pondweed, various-leaved pondweed, lesser pondweed, fan-leaved water-goosefoot, whorled water-milfoil, alternate water-milfoil, spiked water-milfoil, Canadian waterweed, Nuttall&#39;s waterweed, and common duckweed. There are stoneworts such as Chara delicatula and Nitella flexilis.</p><br>
<p>On the shores are plants like alders, hybrid crack willows, osiers, elms, ashes, grey willow, birch, aspens, great yellow-cress, gypsywort, skullcap, whorled mint (a hybrid species between corn mint and water mint), trifid bur-marigold, slender tufted-sedge, reed sweet-grass, annual meadow-grass, silverweed and purple-loosestrife.</p><br>
<p>Naturally occurring fishes are melt, northern pike, roach, rudd, tench, bleak, silver bream, carp bream, eel, burbot, perch, zander, and ruffe. The spined loach was discovered in 2002 and occasionally salmon and brown trout find their way into the lake, the later introduced in a local brook in 1992-93.</p><br>
<p>The invasive bivalve zebra mussel was first documented in Lake Mälaren in the 1920s and was confirmed in Albysjön in 2002. Other molluscs include painter&#39;s mussel, duck mussel, river nerite, and river snail. Crayfishes are not documented in the lake but as the signal crayfish is present throughout Lake Mälaren it is believed to be present in Albysjön as well.</p><br>
<p>Commons birds include the Canada goose, mute swan, mallard, great crested grebe, coot, goldeneye, gull, herring gull, black-headed gull, and reed bunting. In the summer common visitors include osprey, grey heron and great cormorant.</p><br>
<p>Naulakha, also known as the Rudyard Kipling House, is a historic Shingle Style house on Kipling Road in Dummerston, Vermont, a few miles outside Brattleboro. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993 for its association with the author Rudyard Kipling , who had it built in 1893 and made it his home until 1896. It is in this house that Kipling wrote Captains Courageous, The Jungle Book, The Day&#39;s Work, and The Seven Seas, and did work on Kim and The Just So Stories. Kipling named the house after the Naulakha Pavilion, situated inside Lahore Fort in Pakistan. The house is now owned by the Landmark Trust, and is available for rent.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>"Kipling named Naulakha after the book he wrote with Wolcott Balestier, his good friend and Mrs. Kipling’s brother, about a precious Indian jewel, and it is filled with a trove of their possessions."</p><br>
<p>Etymologically Naulakha means nine lakhs or nine hundred thousand being the amount of rupees incurred for the cost of construction of the building.The Mughal architecture of the monument had inspired him during his earlier stay (between 1882 and 1887) in Lahore.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kipling himself described the building and its construction in his autobiography, Something of Myself:</p><br>
<p>Stylistically the house is an architecturally cross-cultural and distinctive building, resembling in part a South Asian Indian bungalow, albeit executed in the then-fashionable American Shingle style. The property and house were laid out by Kipling to maximize the family&#39;s privacy. Although it commands spectacular views to the Connecticut River and Mount Monadnock to the east, the house as built had only a single entrance and was only one room deep, with a hallway running along the rear. The house is approached by a tree-lined drive from an iron gate set between fieldstone pillars whose construction Kipling watched. The property includes a number of outbuildings and facilities built by the Kiplings, including a greenhouse, carriage barn, and tennis court.</p><br>
<p>The Kiplings, while on their honeymoon in 1892, visited Caroline Starr Balestier Kiplings parents in nearby Brattleboro. Taken by the countryside, the couple purchased this property from Carolines brother, and had the house built on it in 1893 to a design by Henry Rutgers Marshall, with significant input from Kipling. They lived here until 1896, when a dispute with a hot-tempered neighbor (his brother in law Beatty Balestier) led to court proceedings and an avalanche of publicity. They attempted to return in 1899, but illness on the sea crossing from England frustrated the plan. The property was owned for much of the 20th century by members of the Holbrook family, who in 1992 sold it to the Landmark Trust, a preservation organization that restores historic properties and makes them available to the public. The property has largely been restored to its appearance as of the Kipling&#39;s ownership, and includes artifacts belonging to the family.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Monte Mars or Mont Mars, at 2,600 m, is the highest peak of the Alpi Biellesi, north-western Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is located on the water divide between the Lys Valley (Aosta Valley) and the Elvo Valley (Province of Biella).</p><br>
<p>In the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) it gives the name to a mountain group called "Catena Tre Vescovi - Mars".</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>It can be ascended from the south, starting from the Santuario di Oropa (near the Sacro monte di Oropa), or from the north, starting from the Lys Valley. The summit provides a panorama across the plains of the Po Valley and of the Monte Rosa massif.</p><br>
<p>A classical climbing route reaches the summit following the SSW ridge of the mountain, named Cresta dei Carisey.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain huts</h2><br>
<p>Rifugio Agostino e Delfo Coda (2,280 m)</p><br>
<p>Albysjön  is a lake in Tyresö Municipality just south of Stockholm in Sweden.</p><br>
<p>The small lake is the last lake in the Tyresån Lake System. Surrounded by green spaces and pastures, it is popular for bathing, angling, canoeing, and other open-air activities. Motor engines are prohibited.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental impact</h2><br>
<p>Levels of phosphorus and nitrogen are very high. High amounts of phosphorus compounds causes dense Reed in the shallow bays of the lake. The reed was mechanically removed in 1975, but no follow-up action has taken place since. Lack of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide formation in sediments is a problem in summers. A brook causes high levels of lead and copper in Uddsbyviken, one of the northern bays, why samples are frequently taken in the brook. Samples taken in 1989 showed pollution is 10-20 times higher in the brook than normal levels for such water courses, which is however not unusual in and around Stockholm. Tests with biological filters will hopefully prove successful in lowering these levels. Algal bloom is relatively common in summers, but bathing is rarely prohibited.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Common fishes include Zander, Northern pike, and Perch.</p><br>
<p>There are 16 vascular plants by the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Mushawe River  is a right-bank tributary of the Mwenezi River in Zimbabwe. It rises in the Nemande mountain area and flows through the Maranda area to join the Mwenezi River dowsntream of Manyuchi Dam, Mwenezi District.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The Mzingane River is an ephemeral river with flow generally restricted to the months when rain takes place (November to March). However, the lower Mushawe River bed forms an alluvial aquifer, which generally holds water year-round.</p><br>
<p>In places, permanent to semi-permanent pools occur, providing habitat for crocodiles.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>The Mushawe River is dammed at Dengenya. The dam was built to supply water for irrigation but is currently full of sand. There are also some small dams on the minor tributaries of the Mushawe River. Water for Maranda (No 1) Business Centre is abstracted from the alluvial aquifer below the Mushawe River, slightly upstream of the photo shown above.</p><br>
<p>The Elvo  is a 53 km torrent  in the Piedmont region of north-west Italy and is the principal tributary of the Cervo. It runs through the communes of Sordevolo, Occhieppo Superiore, Occhieppo Inferiore, Cerrione and Salussola in the Province of Biella, and of Carisio and Casanova Elvo in the Province of Vercelli.</p><br>
<p>The river’s valley is named after it as the Valle dell&#39;Elvo. Here the municipalities are organized into two comunità montane: the Comunità Montana Alta Valle Elvo in the upper part of the valley, and the Comunità Montana Bassa Valle Elvo in the lower.</p><br>
<p>Many of the water courses of the Canavese and of the area of Biella—the torrent Orco, for example—are noted for the presence of gold-bearing sands. In the case of the Orco these are concentrated in the area of the Bessa nature reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river’s source is at an elevation of about 2,600 m on the slopes of Monte Mars, in the heart of the Biellese Prealps. Having passed through various centres of population, it is joined from the right at Mongrando by its major tributary, the Viona. From here its broad pebbly shores follow the edge of the Bessa nature reserve, which lies to its right and is part of the Riserva naturale orientata delle Baragge.</p><br>
<p>Near Salussola it enters into the plains of Vercelli and follows a slower and more sinuous course before emptying into the Cervo near Quinto Vercellese.</p><br>
<h2>Regime</h2><br>
<p>The Elvo has a regime typical of a prealpine Italian torrent with maximum discharges in the autumn and spring together with a tendency to dry up in the summer and winter months. In the event of high levels of precipitation it is liable to become ‘torrential’.</p><br>
<p>The Biellese Alps  are a sub-range of the Pennine Alps located between Piemonte and Aosta Valley .</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Alpi Biellesi literally means Alps of Biellese; Biellese is the geographical and historical area surrounding Biella, nowadays included in the province of Biella.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Administratively most part of the range belongs to the province of Biella, while its northern part falls in the province of Vercelli and the western one is divided between Province of Turin and Aosta Valley.</p><br>
<h3>SOIUSA classification</h3><br>
<p>According to SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain range is an Alpine supergroup classified in the following way:</p><br>
<p>main part=Western Alps</p><br>
<p>major sector=North-Western Alps</p><br>
<p>section=Pennine Alps</p><br>
<p>subsection=Southern Valsesia Alps</p><br>
<p>supergroup=Alpi Biellesi</p><br>
<p>code=I/B-9.IV-A</p><br>
<h3>Borders</h3><br>
<p>Borders of the Alpi Biellesi are:</p><br>
<p>Colle del Loo (2,452 m) and Valsesia from Val Vogna to Varallo Sesia (north),</p><br>
<p>Valsesia from Varallo Sesia to Gattinara (east),</p><br>
<p>Po plain between Gattinara and Ivrea (south),</p><br>
<p>Dora Baltea until Pont Saint Martin and Lys creek until Gaby and Colle del Loo (west).</p><br>
<h3>Subdivision</h3><br>
<p>The Alpi Biellesi are divided into two alpine groups, one of them further subdivided in subgroups (in brackets is reported their SOIUSA code):</p><br>
<p>Catena Tre Vescovi - Mars (A.1)</p><br>
<p>Catena Monte Bo - Barone (A.2)</p><br>
<p>Costiera Talamone-Barone (A.2.a)</p><br>
<p>Costiera Monte Bo-Punta del Cravile-Monticchio (A.2.b)</p><br>
<p>These two subgroups are connected by Bocchetta del Croso.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>From the geological point of view the Alpi Biellesi are composed by an alpine zone in the strict sense of the word and a prealpine zone, divided by the Insubric line (locally named Linea del Canavese). This important geologic fault, which forms the border between the Adriatic plate and the European plate, crosses Biellese from SW to NE through Bocchetto di Sessera and Bocchetta della Boscarola passes. Thus hills and mountains (i.e. Monte Barone) located south-east of the line can be considered part of southern Apulian foreland while most part of the range, located NW of the line, geologically belongs to the crystalline zone of the Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Notable summits</h2><br>
<h2>Notable passes</h2><br>
<h2>Winter sports</h2><br>
<p>In the Alpi Biellesi are located some ski resorts: Oropa (Biella) in the western part, with downhill skiing slopes ranging from 1,335 to 2,391 m</p><br>
<p>Alpe di Mera (Scopello) and Bielmonte in the eastern part of the range. Near Bielmonte is also possible to practice cross country skiing with more than 30 km of maintained trails starting from Bocchetto Sessera (1,373 m).</p><br>
<h2>Hiking and climbing</h2><br>
<p>Lots of climbing routes of different length and difficulty are described across the mountain range. Some of the most renowned ones are in the monte Mars area, like via Innominata and cresta dei Carisey. In the Alpi Biellesi there also are several vie ferratas, particularly around Oropa.</p><br>
<p>The Alta Via delle Alpi Biellesi (literally high way of the Alpi Biellesi), a long-distance hiking trail which requires some climbing skills, covers the mountain range starting from Piedicavallo and ending in the village of Bagneri (Muzzano). The trekking is usually divided into five stretches and along it is possible to get food and accommodation in the following alpine huts: rifugio Rivetti, rifugio della Vecchia, capanna Renata al Monte Camino, rifugio Coda and rifugio Mombarone.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Italian official cartography (Istituto Geografico Militare - IGM); on-line version:</p><br>
<p>Provincia di Biella cartography: Carta dei sentieri della Provincia di Biella, 1:25.00 scale, 2004; on line version:</p><br>
<p>The U-Drop Inn, also known as Tower Station and U-Drop Inn and Tower Café, was built in 1936 in Shamrock, Texas along the historic Route 66 highway. Inspired by the image of a nail stuck in soil, the building was designed by J. C. Berry. An unusual example of art deco architecture applied to a gas station and restaurant, the building features two flared towers with geometric detailing, curvilinear massing, glazed ceramic tile walls, and neon light accents. It has traditionally held two separate business: "Tower Station", a gas station on the western side, and the "U-Drop Inn", a café on the eastern side. Though it has passed hands several times in its history, the building has consistently housed the same types of businesses it was originally constructed for.</p><br>
<p>Once considered a beautiful and impressive example of Route 66 architecture in Texas, the U-Drop Inn fell into disrepair with the decommissioning of Route 66. It closed for business in the late 1990s. After it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in September 1997, the building was purchased by the First National Bank of Shamrock, which then gave it to the city. Primarily funded by a US$1.7 million federal grant, the city hired a firm specializing in historical renovation to restore the building to its original glory and adapt it into a museum, visitors center, gift shop, and the citys chamber of commerce. In 2006 animated film Cars, the cartoon village of Radiator Springs was based on multiple real USA Route 66 landmarks from Peach Springs to Baxter Springs; the U-Drop Inns distinctive architecture appears as Ramones automotive body and paint shop.</p><br>
<p>On St. Patrick&#39;s Day 2014, a Tesla high power electric vehicle charging station, known commonly as a supercharger, was opened on site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early days</h3><br>
<p>Opened on April 1, 1936, the U-Drop Inn was built by J.M. Tindall using a design created by his friend, John Nunn, who scratched the design on a patch of dirt in the driveway of a nearby motel. In addition to a café, the building housed a gas station that sold Conoco brand fuel and a store. The store was never actually opened as a store, and became a ballroom and overflow dining area for the café.</p><br>
<p>When the business opened, the local newspaper called it "the most up-to-date edifice of its kind on USA Highway 66 between Oklahoma City and Amarillo", with the café considered "the swankiest of the swank eating places". At the time of opening, the U-Drop was the only café within 100 mi of Shamrock, enjoying brisk business and becoming a successful establishment. Nunn sold the Inn after several years, but purchased it back in 1950 and renamed it Nunn&#39;s Café. In 1957, John Nunn died and his wife Bebe sold the café to Grace Brunner who again renamed it, this time to Tower Café, and added a Greyhound bus station.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>After Nunn&#39;s death, the building passed through the hands of a few more owners and the station sold gasoline from various other companies. Up through its closing, the café at the U-Drop was praised for its low-priced and tasty "home cooking".</p><br>
<p>With signing of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, Route 66 fell into decline, with segments being bypassed via turnpikes and newer highways. With the opening of Interstate 40, Shamrock became one of the bypassed towns and the U-Drop Inn, which once served thousands of travelers fell into disrepair due to neglect. In 1984, Route 66 was decommissioned by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, seeming to seal the fate of the town and the U-Drop Inn. In 1990, several state and local historical associations began efforts to preserve the architectural landmarks along the old route, particularly the many derelict or abandoned motels.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>Called "one of the most impressive examples" of Route 66 architecture by the Texas Historical Commission, the U-Drop Inn was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1997. In May 1999, the First National Bank of Shamrock purchased the U-Drop Inn, then gave it to the city of Shamrock.</p><br>
<p>The city of Shamrock began taking measures to revive the neglected structure as a tourist attraction. In 2000, the city hired Phillips Swager Associates of Dallas and, a firm specializing in historical preservation, to begin implementing a phased restoration plan.</p><br>
<p>The company adapted the old gas station and café to act as the communitys chamber of commerce and visitor center while preserving the buildings architectural features and historical authenticity. Old photographs and interviews with residents were used to aid the company in uncovering the buildings original details. They peeled away decades of paint layers and fabric to find the original interior and exterior colors. One of the more difficult aspects was in restoring the neon accents. While historical photographs showed where neon existed, they had all been taken during the daytime when the neon lights were off, making it difficult to determine what color the lights originally were.</p><br>
<p>The restoration also included turning the building into a museum of its own history, giving it the authentic appearance of a working 1940 gas station.</p><br>
<p>In May 2013, the neon lighting of the restored U-Drop Inn was damaged by a hailstorm; the damaged elements were replaced by LEDs in February 2014. The café will serve fountain drinks, coffee and floats in 2014 after many years with no food or beverage service.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>With its glazed brick, "zigzag" motif, strong vertical elements, and the decorative structure, particularly the metal "tulip", the building is considered to be an excellent example of the Art Deco style. Art Deco was most commonly seen in large commercial and public buildings, so its use in a gas station and roadside restaurant was a rare sight. The U-Drop is one of the few Art Deco cafés built in the 1930s, and it stands out architecturally from its peers, as most depression-era cafés had simpler and similar wood-frame and clapboard designs or followed the Streamline Moderne offshoot of Art Deco.</p><br>
<p>The original building was designed by John Nunn and architect J. C. Berry. The main buildings were built of structural clay tile with terra-cotta glazed brick. The two towers are clad in stucco with decorative green and gold glazed terra-cotta tiles and cast concrete stepped forms. Designed to attract the attention of the passing motorists, the towers also feature geometric detailing, curvilinear massing, and are outlined with neon lighting added additional character and uniqueness to the building&#39;s design.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the U-Drop Inn held two separate businesses that shared a single interior wall. The west side, commonly called "Tower Station" "is dominated by a large four-sided obelisk rising from the flat roof and topped by a metal "tulip"." The tower displayed the station name, Conoco, in all capital letters on each side, with neon lighting on the corners. Vertical-rubbed detailing goes along the base of both towers, as well as two canopies that extend south and west from the western tower. The posts of the canopies were originally encased in decorative glazed tile and vintage metal signs. Between the canopy posts are fuel islands designed to hold three fuel pumps each. 1960s-vintage pumps are situated on the islands, with three on the western canopy and two on the southern. A chamfered corner separates the two canopies. Multiple-pane windows surround the glass doors of the office station, as well as dominating much of the southern side of the building. Situated between the office and the café are two service station bays with roll-up style overhead doors.</p><br>
<p>The east side of the building, commonly called the "U-Drop Inn café" has a similarly designed, three-sided, shorter version of the main tower. Mirroring the "Conoco" wording, it has "Café" written in the same green paint with drop shadowed lettering, and a small ornamental metal sphere perched at its top. Just below the tower, an outstretched metal and wooden sign, added in 1950, displays the name of the building and points towards the recessed entrance. This side mirrors the tiled detail found in the station side, and once had a neon "starburst" around the sign and entryway. Inside the café, the eastern and southern interior walls are lined with booths. The northern wall holds two small restrooms, with the kitchen once located in the northeastern corner. On the southern wall, a recessed doorway flanked by large single-paned windows led into the cafés main dining room. The buildings exterior is pained beige with dark green accents. On the northern facade, the original brick remains unpainted.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The 2006 Pixar computer-animated film Cars is set in the cartoon village of Radiator Springs, which was created as a composite of real landmarks and personalities encountered by Pixar artists on multiple research trips on 1,200 mi of the former USA Route 66. Among the buildings and structures based on Route 66 landmarks is a version of Tower Station. U-Drop Inn&#39;s unique design and architecture is portrayed as an automotive body shop owned by the character Ramone, a Chevrolet Impala lowrider.</p><br>
<p>The George Perkins Marsh Boyhood Home, also known as the Marsh-Billings House, is the architectural centerpiece of Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park, located on Vermont Route 12 in Woodstock, Vermont, United States. The house, built in 1805 and enlarged several times, is historically significant as the boyhood home of George Perkins Marsh , an early conservationist, and as the home later in the 19th century of Frederick H. Billings , a businessman and philanthropist who was a cofounder of the Northern Pacific Railroad. It is also architecturally significant as a high-quality example of Queen Anne architecture, alterations and enlargements commissioned by Billings and designed by Henry Hudson Holley. The house and its surrounding gardens were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967. The 550 acre estate on which it stands was given by Mary French Rockefeller  and Laurance Rockefeller to the people of the United States in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Marsh, a prominent Vermont lawyer, built the core of the present house in 1805, as a fairly typical two-story five-bay Federal style house, and it is where he raised his family. His son George Perkins Marsh was born elsewhere in Woodstock in 1801, and grew up here before leaving for Dartmouth College when he was sixteen. The younger Marsh followed his father into both law and politics, winning election to Congress in 1834 as a Whig, and gaining appointment to diplomatic posts by Presidents John Tyler and Abraham Lincoln. Between the 1830s and 1860s he developed a philosophy of land stewardship which laid the foundation for the conservation movement in the United States with the 1864 publication of Man and Nature, or the Physical Geography as Modified by Human Behavior. This work, updated in 1874, gave a historical assessment of the decline of earlier societies because of a lack of stewardship, and made substantive calls for remedial actions to preserve the natural environment. Marsh died in 1882, never seeing his ideas fully realized.</p><br>
<p>The Marsh estate, then 246 acre, was purchased in 1869 by Frederick H. Billings, a native of Royalton, Vermont who made a fortune as a lawyer dealing with land claims during the California Gold Rush, and was one of the founding partners of the Northern Pacific Railroad, serving as its president from 1873 to 1881. Between 1869 and 1881 Billings commissioned two significant enlargements and alterations to the house, the first adding a wing and a mansard roof, and the second, designed by Henry Hudson Holley, that fully transformed the building into the elaborate Queen Anne Victorian it is today. Billings established what he considered to be a model farm on the property; this part of the estate is now a living history museum and working farm, adjacent to the national park. Billings also constructed 14 mi of carriage roads through the upland sections of the estate.</p><br>
<p>The next major owners of the property were Mary French Rockefeller (Billings granddaughter) and her husband Laurance Rockefeller. The latter, an influential conservation advisor to several United States presidents, donated the house and upland properties to the people of the United States in 1992, the year the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park was established. The house and a surrounding 40 acre of land were designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967 for their association with Marsh and Billings, and for the houses architecture, which was judged a particularly fine and imposing example of Queen Anne architecture. The house is open for guided tours between May and October; a fee is charged, and reservations may be made in advance, because tour size is limited.</p><br>
<p>The Emma Willard House is a historic house at 131 South Main Street in Middlebury, Vermont, United States. Built in 1809, it was from 1809 to 1819 the home of Emma Willard , an influential pioneer in the development of women&#39;s education in the United States. Willard established a school for girls at her home in 1814 known as the Middlebury Female Seminary. The school was a precursor to the Emma Willard School, an all girl, private boarding and university preparatory day school opened by Willard in 1821 in Troy, New York. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It now houses the Middlebury College Admissions Office.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Willard House is set on the south side of South Main Street, opposite the main part of the Middlebury College Campus and southwest of the town&#39;s center. The main block is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, four bays wide, with a hip roof and a stone foundation. A two-bay two-story brick ell extends to the rear at a recess from the right site, and a wood-frame ell is attached to this wing. The house has modest Federal styling, with granite lintels above the windows and doors. The main entrance is in one of the center bays of the main block, framed by sidelight windows and a multilight transom window; there is a similar second entrance at the front of the side wing. The interior of the house also has modest Federal styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1809 for Dr. John and Emma Willard; he was 50 and she 22 when they married that year. Emma Hart Willard was born in 1787 and educated at home, developing an interest in teaching at an early age. She moved to Middlebury, where she supervised a girls academy and studied the curriculum at Middlebury College. In 1814 she opened her Middlebury Female Seminary out of the family home to bring in additional income, and operated it there until 1819. In 1818 she proposed a plan for a model womens school to the New York State Legislature, but it was rejected. The people of Troy, New York offered her a building in which to open such a school, which was formally opened in 1821 as the Troy Female Seminary (now the Emma Willard School). In addition to managing the school, she taught classes and wrote textbooks, including volumes on geography and history that saw wide use. She retired from managing the school in 1838, but continued to be active in promoting school reform in general and female education in particular.</p><br>
<p>The Peabody Museum of Salem , formerly the Peabody Academy of Science , was a museum and antiquarian society based in Salem, Massachusetts. The academy was organized in part as a successor to the East India Marine Society , which had become moribund but held a large collection of maritime materials in a museum collection at the East India Marine Hall, built in 1825 on Essex Street. The Peabody Museum was merged with the Essex Institute to form the Peabody Essex Museum in 1992. The East India Marine Hall, now embedded within the latters modern structure, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 in recognition of this heritage, which represents the nations oldest continuously-operating museum collection.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Peabody Academy of Science (1868–1915), successor to the East India Marine Society, "was organized in 1868, having received funds... from George Peabody of London... for the promotion of science and useful knowledge in the county of Essex." It was incorporated by "Asa Gray, of Cambridge, William C. Endicott, of Salem, George Peabody Russell, of Salem, Othniel C. Marsh, of New Haven... Henry Wheatland, of Salem, Abner C. Goodell, junior, of Salem, James R. Nichols, of Haverhill... Henry C. Perkins, of Newburyport, and S. Endicott Peabody.</p><br>
<p>The academy maintained a museum that displayed animals, fossils, minerals, and plants, as well as ethnological artifacts such as weapons, costume, tools, statuary, and musical instruments. In 1915 the Academy changed its name to the "Peabody Museum of Salem."</p><br>
<p>As of 1949 the museum organized its holdings into three departments: ethnology, maritime history, and natural history. The museum&#39;s ethnology division included specimens from Hawaii, Japan, Marquesas Islands, and New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>The museum displayed its collections in the East India Marine Hall, expanded in 1953 with the Crowninshield Galleries. Museum staff included Ernest Stanley Dodge and Walter Muir Whitehill.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 the China Trade Museum of Milton, Massachusetts, merged with the Peabody Museum. In 1992 the Peabody Museum merged with the Essex Institute to form the Peabody Essex Museum.</p><br>
<h2>East India Marine Hall</h2><br>
<p>The East India Marine Hall was built in 1824–25 for the East India Marine Society to house its collection. Design of the building has most recently been ascribed to Thomas Waldron Sumner. It stands on the south side of Essex Street, and is now integrated into the body of the Peabody Essex Museum. As built, it was a two-story structure, faced in granite on the front (Essex Street facade), and brick on the sides, measuring about 45 x. The main facade has been preserved; it has six rectangular bays on the main floor, and seven tall round-arch windows on the second level. The gable pediment is fully enclosed, with an round window in the tympanum.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building has been repeatedly altered over the years, losing a significant amount of original detail in the process. The first floor, which was originally occupied by retail businesses, was adapted as a museum space in 1867–69, following its acquisition by the Peabody Academy of Science. As part of this alteration, entrances on the main facade were closed off, and new entrances were added to the east and west. The first floor has since been completely integrated into the newer facilities built by the Peabody Essex Museum in the 2000s. The upper level of the hall, designed as a ballroom and auditorium space, has always been retained as a large open gallery, but lost a significant amount of historic fabric in the 1860s alterations.</p><br>
<p>The hall was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, in recognition for its unique place as one of the oldest continuously-used museum spaces in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Rockingham Meeting House, also known as Old North Meeting House and First Church in Rockingham, is a historic civic and religious building on Meeting House Road in Rockingham, Vermont, United States. The Meeting House was built between 1787 and 1801 and was originally used for both Congregational church meetings as well as civic and governmental meetings. Church services ceased in 1839 but town meetings continued to be held in it until 1869. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000 as an exceptionally well-preserved "second period" colonial-style meeting house. The building, owned by the town, is available for weddings and other events under rules established by the town.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rockingham Meeting House is set on the north side of Meeting House Road, on a parcel of land about 4 acre in size that it shares with the towns original burial ground, whose oldest marked graves date to 1776. Meeting House Road is the location of Rockinghams original town center, laid out after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. The building is a large two-story timber-frame structure, with a side-gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The main (south-facing) facade is five bays wide, with a symmetrical but slightly irregular placement of windows around the center entry. The main entrance is flanked by pilasters and topped by an entablature and triangular pediment. Enclosed two-story gable-roofed stairwell ells extend from the each side of the building, with a similarly-decorated south-facing entrance. The main entrance opens into a central hallway, through a floor filled with box pews to the pulpit area, which features the original sounding board. The second-floor gallery, which wraps around three sides of the building, is also lined with box pews. The elevated pulpit area is 7 ft wide, and is accessed by stairs on its left side. The pulpit is one of the few unoriginal elements of the building having been restored in 1906. The only other significant alterations have been to replace windows.</p><br>
<p>The town of Rockingham was first settled by white settlers after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. Discussion around the construction of a meeting house began in 1771, and culminated in the construction of a building at this site in 1774. That building remained in use until the construction of this one, which was approved by the town meeting in 1787. Documentation is unclear about when the building was completed: the first recorded town meeting was held in this building in 1792, at which time it was not complete. The town in that year approved use of the building by local Christian congregations for services.</p><br>
<p>The various church congregations built their own buildings over the ensuing years, with the original Congregational group ending its services in 1838. The building continued to be used for town meetings until a new town hall was constructed in Bellows Falls in 1869. The original pulpit was removed about 1850, and most of the original benches lining the pulpit area were removed. Although the building was vacant for many years, its exterior was maintained. The interior was subjected to vandalism and the theft of artifacts, including door hardware and hand-cut nails.</p><br>
<p>After being unused for many years, it was restored by the town in 1906, and the first Old Home Day and Pilgrimage to the Meeting House was held in August, 1907. It narrowly escaped the fire which burned much of the adjacent Rockingham Village in April, 1909. A Meeting House Association was formed in 1911 through the efforts of Professor Franklin Hooper, director of the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. Hooper was the great-great-grandson of one of the original members of the First Church of Rockingham at its organization in 1773.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000. It is an extremely well-preserved example of a "second period" colonial meeting house, in which the principal entrance was on the long wall, and is placed in a setting reminiscent of how it would have appeared at the time of its construction. Its landmark designation includes the building, cemetery, and receiving tomb.</p><br>
<p>Rokeby Museum is a historic farm property and museum at 4334 United States Route 7 in Ferrisburgh, Vermont. The 90 acre property includes a 1780s farmstead, and eight agricultural outbuildings with permanent exhibits. Hiking trails cover more than 50 acre of the grounds. Rokeby is open from mid-May to mid-October each year. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997 for its association with Rowland T. Robinson, a Quaker and ardent abolitionist who openly sheltered escaped slaves at Rokeby as part of the Underground Railroad. Robinson&#39;s extensive correspondence is an essential archive giving insight into the practices of abolitionists and the operations of the railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rokeby Museum is set on the east side of United States Route 7 in the rural community of Ferrisburgh. The central focus of the property is a cluster of buildings, including the 1780s main house, a smokehouse, hen house, outhouse, creamery, tool shed, and other agricultural buildings. The property also includes foundational remnants of a barn and a school. The main house is a two-story Federal style wood frame structure, with an older 1-1/2 story frame Cape style ell attached to its rear. What is now the main block of the house was built in 1814; the ell was built as a freestanding house in the 1780s by the Dakin family, who cleared the land. In 1793, the property was purchased by Thomas Rowland Robinson, a Quaker from Newport, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>For almost 200 years, the house was the home of the Robinson family, who were millers, farmers, abolitionists, authors, naturalists, and artists. In the 1830s and 1840s, under the auspices of Rowland Thomas Robinson, Rokeby served as a safe house along the Underground Railroad. Letters from the family of Rowland T. and Rachel Gilpin Robinson, devout Quakers and radical abolitionists, mention fugitive slaves by name and in some detail. The record of their correspondence gives an important view into the practices and methods of abolitionists and details about the operation of the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Rokeby was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Delia Webster, abolitionist and teacher</p><br>
<p>Rachael Robinson Elmer, painter</p><br>
<p>Darvel Bay or Lahad Datu Bay is a bight  on the east side of Sabah, Malaysia. It is the largest semi-enclosed bay on the east coast of Borneo and faces the Sulawesi Sea. Administratively, it is within Tawau Division, with Lahad Datu District on the north side, Kunak District in the middle and Semporna District to the south of the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Large parts of the shore of Darval Bay are mangrove swamps. Within the bay there are numerous islands, the largest, Timbun Mata Island, is located near the southern shore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area around Darvel Bay has been inhabited for over 20,000 years. The limestone caves on the mainland and on the islands were used for prehistoric burials.</p><br>
<p>Darvel Bay was a traditional haunt for pirates up to the end of the 19th century. Among the most famous pirates was Datu Kudunding.</p><br>
<p>The British operated the Darvel Bay Tobacco Plantations Ltd, in Lahad Datu District which was immortalized in the documentary film Urban Bioscope Expedition through Borneo by H. M. Lomas.</p><br>
<p>North Captiva Island is an island in Lee County in Southwest Florida, located just offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. It lies just north of Captiva Island, separated by a channel called Redfish Pass which was created in a 1921 hurricane. It lies just south of Cayo Costa Island, separated by Captiva Pass.</p><br>
<p>Like Captiva and Sanibel Islands, North Captiva is a barrier island to Pine Island (to the east of Captiva and north of Sanibel), and is very narrow. There is no automobile access to the island and electric golf carts are the primary means of transport.</p><br>
<p>Development of the island began in the 1960s, but was slow due to the absence of electric service and the difficulty on transporting building materials to the island. Commercial electric and phone service was established in the mid 1980s. The island now has about 300 homes built and 300 vacant lots. About half of the island is owned by the State of Florida and is part of a State Park. All other areas are privately owned including the roads. Since the island can be accessed by boat or small plane only, a regular passenger ferry service runs from Pine Island Marina (the "Island Girl" charter service) at two-hour intervals, serving both tourists and locals. There is also a barging service that transports materials to and garbage from the island.</p><br>
<p>The island was damaged in August 2004 when the eastern eyewall of Hurricane Charley struck North Captiva, immediately before hitting Charlotte Harbor to the north-northeast. The island was divided in two by the storm surge. Although it took several years, the island has mostly recovered from the hurricane damage and new construction is ongoing.</p><br>
<p>Pratt Mountain is a 1,817 ft summit within the Wapack Range of mountains in south-central New Hampshire, United States. It lies within the town of New Ipswich and is traversed by the 22 mi Wapack Trail. The subordinate peak, Stony Top, 1,760 ft, forms the north shoulder of the mountain. Pratt Mountain offers expansive views from rocky ledges along its length.</p><br>
<p>New Ipswich Mountain is located directly to the north along the Wapack ridgeline; to the southeast rise Binney Hill 1,441 ft, Emerson Hill 1,551 ft, Nutting Hill 1,620 ft, and Mount Watatic, the southern terminus of the Wapack Range.</p><br>
<p>The east side of the mountain drains into the Souhegan River watershed, to the Merrimack River thence the Atlantic Ocean; the west and south sides drain into the Millers River watershed, to the Connecticut River, thence into Long Island Sound. Binney Pond, located in Binney Pond State Forest along the Wapack ridgecrest between Pratt Mountain and Binney Hill, is known for a biodiversity of rare plants and salamanders.</p><br>
<p>The Cervo  is a 65 km torrent  in the Piedmont region of north-west Italy. It is the principal tributary of the river Sesia, which itself is a significant tributary of the Po.</p><br>
<h2>Etimology</h2><br>
<p>The name Cervo rather than from the Latin cervus (deer) should come from the Germanic saar (stream or river).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It crosses the provinces of Biella (communes of Piedicavallo, Rosazza, Campiglia Cervo, Sagliano Micca, Andorno Micca, Tollegno, Biella, Candelo and Castelletto Cervo) and Vercelli (Quinto Vercellese).</p><br>
<p>The Cervo’s source is the Lago della Vecchia (close to the Rifugio della Vecchia) in the Biellese Prealps. From the Lago della Vecchia it flows rapidly through a large number of communes of the Valle del Cervo. Close to Tollegno it receives the torrent Oropa from the right then crosses the eastern part of the city of Biella, in particular the quarter of Chiavazza.</p><br>
<p>From here the valley widens and the torrent flows more slowly along a broad and pebbly stream bed. In this section of its course the Cervo is united with a number of modest tributaries: the Mologna, the Chiebbia, the Lu Rialet and the Bruma. Near the town of Cossato the flow grows visibly when the torrent is joined from the left by the Strona di Mosso. Near Castelletto Cervo it receives the waters of the Ostola and enters the plain of the province of Vercelli.</p><br>
<p>In the Vercellese plain, where the Canale Cavour crosses over the torrent, the Cervo is significantly enriched by the contribution of numerous minor water courses and canals. In the area of Collobiano it is joined by more important torrents: the Rovasenda and Marchiazza from the left and from the right the Elvo, its most important tributary.</p><br>
<p>At this point the Cervo turns from a torrent into a river which can be expected to flow continuously throughout the year. It advances lazily towards the Sesia which it joins near Quinto Vercellese as its most important tributary.</p><br>
<h3>Main tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Left hand:</p><br>
<p>Strona di Mosso</p><br>
<p>Ostola</p><br>
<p>Guarabione</p><br>
<p>Rovasenda</p><br>
<p>Marchiazza.</p><br>
<p>Right hand:</p><br>
<p>Oropa</p><br>
<p>Elvo.</p><br>
<h2>Regime</h2><br>
<p>Despite the Cervo’s generous mean discharge of about 22 m3/s at its confluence with the Sesia, its regime is sharply torrential. The highest rates of flow occur with the melting of the prealpine snows in the late spring, and above all with the autumn rains. The latter can lead to such disastrous floods as occurred in 1968 and 2002. In the summer, however, the discharge is much diminished and significant tracts may dry up completely as a result of the heavy exploitation of its water.</p><br>
<h2>Angling and water quality</h2><br>
<p>The Cervo is classified as a “Category A” water course in the upper Valle Cervo from its source to Biella; here trouts are present. Beyond Biella and in the Vercellese plain members of the carp family are found and it falls into “Category B”.</p><br>
<p>The Hogan Island, the largest island of the Hogan Group, is a 232 hectare granite island, located in northern Bass Strait, that lies between the Furneaux Group in north-west Tasmania, and the Wilsons Promontory in Victoria, Australia. The island has a maximum elevation of 116 m.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Together with the other islands in the Hogan, Kent and Furneaux groups, the Hogan Island formed part of a land bridge that connected Tasmania to mainland Australia up until the end of the Pleistocene period. After the glacial period ended, the Hogan Group were the first islands to become isolated by rising sea levels.</p><br>
<p>The Hogan Group was discovered by Europeans and named in 1801 by John Black, captain of the Harbinger who named the island group after Michael Hogan, the owner of his ship. There are records of settlers on the island group, who hunted seals and kangaroos and used the islands for grazing land. On 12 October 1900, the first lease was recorded and given for Hogan Island. While the original lease covered the entire island group, since 1959 the lease has only applied to Hogan Island, which has been leased by B. R. Stackhouse since 1967, who uses the island for sheep and cattle grazing.</p><br>
<p>The island was formerly used for the grazing of cattle, an activity which has ceased after causing considerable damage to the vegetation and the natural springs there.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Recorded breeding seabird and wader species include little penguin, short-tailed shearwater also known as the muttonbird, Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. Reptiles present are the eastern blue-tongued lizard, metallic skink, three-lined skink, Bougainvilles skink and Whites skink.</p><br>
<p>Goats were present for some time also.</p><br>
<h2>State border</h2><br>
<p>The state border between Tasmania and Victoria lies in the Hogan Group and passes over land on the North East Islet, thus giving a land border between the two states. Before Victoria became a colony, it was agreed that New South Wales would have sovereignty of all the land to Bass Strait, and Tasmania would have Bass Strait, except for waters near the coast. The original intention was that these Bass Strait Islands would be part of Tasmania, but the surveyed position for Wilsons Promontory was slightly off, and the border placed too far south at 39°12 S. Once this was discovered the Islet was renamed to Boundary Islet. The land border is 85 m long.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Depot in Clinton, Minnesota, United States, is a historic railway station. It is now known as the Clinton Depot, and serves as a local history museum for the Clinton area. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The interior has hardwood floors and decorative wainscoting in the waiting room, an office in the middle and a freight room at the south end. Exhibits include military memorabilia, farm and agriculture displays, train memorabilia, and photos, posters, newspapers and historic items about Clinton.</p><br>
<h2>Line information</h2><br>
<p>The Fargo and Southern railroad company built a loading platform in 1883 two miles south of Clinton. It was called Rupert.</p><br>
<p>Two years later they moved their station to Clinton and it was called Batavia as late as 1899. The Fargo and Company line built from Ortonville to the South Dakota line near Wheaton, going through Clinton in 1884 and sold to the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad company in 1885.</p><br>
<p>The first through train on the line ran July 2, 1884.</p><br>
<p>From 1885 through the late 1920s four trains stopped at the Clinton depot each day including morning freight and passenger trains northbound for Fargo, an afternoon southbound train, and an evening southbound passenger train.</p><br>
<h2>Telegraphs</h2><br>
<p>Posted at the depot was a sign which read "Western Union Telegraph Office." Railroads not only carried the mail and newspapers, they also meant another means of communication. Depot agents were necessarily telegraphers. In addition to handling railroad communications, they also relayed messages to the general public.</p><br>
<p>Telegraphy was the fastest means of news, business, and personal transmission at that time. Telegrams were use extensively until the late 1940s. J.P. Pratt became the depot agent in 1891. He had driven a streetcar in St. Paul and then learned telegraphy before he came to Clinton. While Mr. Pratt was depot agent, Frank Petrick became interested in the work and learned the Morse code and operation of the telegraph from him. Mr. Petrick started working as depot agent in 1901 and continued, except during the year 1908, until he retired in 1945.</p><br>
<p>Business, especially freight, increased to such an extent that Frank&#39;s wife, Alice Condit Petrick, was hired as depot assistant from 1909 to 1934. In 1900 a sleeping car was added to the passenger train. The 1904 Platt book shows the railroad depot to be located north of Main Street, and directly west of the crown elevator.</p><br>
<h2>Line discontinued</h2><br>
<p>There was daily service until May 1930, when Sunday passenger trains were discontinued. After 1932, a freight train with one passenger coach provided mixed service until the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The Campbell Post American Legion purchased one of the discarded railroad coaches in 1935. They installed it on the Legion lot opposite the advocate office and used it as a legion hall. A.L. Makinster succeeded Frank Petrick as depot agent in 1945 until 1969. On December 16, 1968 the Milwaukee railroad discontinued operation of passenger trains numbers 15 and 16 (the Olympian Hiawatha), operating between Chicago and Tacoma, Washington. The Milwaukee depot in Clinton closed December 12, 1969.</p><br>
<p>The line was discontinued March 1, 1980, and the track torn up a year later. By 1980 the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad was bankrupt and the survival of the line depended on heavy subsidization.</p><br>
<p>Knowles Memorial Chapel, built between 1931 and 1932, is an historic Mediterranean Revival building located on the campus of Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida, in the United States. On December 8, 1997, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. On April 18, 2012, the AIA&#39;s Florida Chapter placed the Knowles Chapel at Rollins College on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Knowles Memorial Chapel was given to Rollins College by Frances Knowles Warren in memory of her father, Francis Bangs Knowles (1823–1890), one of the founders of both Rollins College and the city of Winter Park. It was designed by noted church and collegiate architect, Ralph Adams Cram, who considered it his favorite of the more than 75 churches and cathedrals he had designed. In the summer of 2007 it underwent a masonry restoration paid for by a trust set up by Frances Knowles Warren.</p><br>
<h3>Organ</h3><br>
<p>The chapel organ was built in 1932 by noted organ builder, Ernest M. Skinner. In the mid 1950s it was renovated by Skinner&#39;s firm, Aeolian-Skinner. Between 1999 and 2002 the organ was completely overhauled and renovated by Randall Dyer & Associates. At the same time the Dyer firm also built and installed a "completely new, free-standing antiphonal organ at the rear of the balcony and surrounding the Rose Window." Deeply involved in the work by the Dyer firm was its associate, John J. Tyrrell, former president of Aeolian-Skinner.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Knowles Memorial Chapel continues to be used as the Rollins College Chapel and its dean is the pastor of the college. The chapel is also the venue for many musical events, especially during the annual Bach Festival of Winter Park.</p><br>
<p>Portianou  is a village on the Greek island of Lemnos, located northeast of Myrina. Its population was 314 in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Nearest places</h2><br>
<p>Neo Pedino</p><br>
<p>Palaio Pedino, southwest</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>The name</h2><br>
<p>Originally the village was located further west near the area known as Ayios Spyridon, where we find remains of a cemetery and traces of old houses. According to old testaments, which cannot be verified, about three centuries ago a plague forced the population to move the village to its present position. In any event, the village’s name is not mentioned in any record kept by the Byzantine monasteries in Lemnos, as is the case with most other villages in the island. The first encounter of the name can be traced in 1785 on a map by Choiseul-Gouffier with the name of Portiano, a fact that leads us to conclude that the village was actually established three centuries ago.</p><br>
<p>From later-day travelers like: Conze (1858), De Launay (1898) and Fredrich (1904) the place name is noted as Portianos in the male gender. In community documents it is referred as Portianou. Finally, it was recorded as Portianon (neutral).</p><br>
<p>The place name is of Latin origins and seems to come from the merging of two words: “porto juno: new port”, referring to a small port that once existed to the southeast of the village, in an area known as Melagga (=black earth). The remains of an old watchtower (vigla) are still visible there, overlooking the port. It was probably built by the Venetians during their brief occupation of the island between 1656-57. Until 1940 the remains of the tower stood at approximately 6 m high, however it was almost destroyed during the German occupation of the island during World War II.</p><br>
<h2>The Ottoman period</h2><br>
<p>From the old community documents we learn that during 1854 the village had a priest named Margaritis. In 1856 it had 147 young men who paid 2.070 “grossia”γρόσια to avoid military service. In 1863 it had 71 resident families which in 1874 became 80, proof of a growing population. In the same year (1874), 97 houses were recorded in the village, which belonged to the municipal area of Kondias. The Portianites had also the right to send two representatives to the Pan-Lemnian regional council.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 19th century the community had circulated coins stamped with initials ΧΠ Χωρίον Πορτιανού (Chorion Portianou=Portianou Village), whilst in 1912 the village hosted local post office with its own distinct seal. During that period the village was used as a midway station and crossing point of the Moudros Gulf for all those wishing to cross to the east side of the island and vice versa. This was due to the difficulty of crossing the “Varos” bridge which became impassable during the winter months due to the overflowing of the stream of Metropolis. There were close ties and social contact with Moudros because many merchants had shops on both sides of the bay. There were reports of shipping activities with special mention of the ship-owner Podaras around 1875.</p><br>
<h2>The church</h2><br>
<p>In 1835, during the diocese of the metropolitan (bishop) Nectarios, as it is noted on the inscription, the main church of the village was built dedicated to “the Entry of the Most Holy Mother to the Temple” (Εισόδια της Θεοτόκου). In 1858 when Conze passed through the village he admired the colors of the church, which housed a marble sarcophagus. In a later inscription, during 1875, Pantelis Zanis is recorded as the master builder credited with the erection of this church. The same builder is credited with the building of churches in the villages of Atsiki (1868), Plati and Varos. The church was decorated by Aggelos Binetas from the village of Sarpi.</p><br>
<p>The Church, a triclit basilica, is impressive as it towers over the village, built on a small hill on the northwestern area of the village. It has an impressive screen (τέμπλο) with elaborate carvings, gold plated and icons painted by Gregoris Papamalis. The columns of the outer narthex are made from marble and most probably belonged to an earlier building. The bell tower is a later addition.</p><br>
<h2>The schools</h2><br>
<p>The community school was established in 1870 by the name of Χριστοδουλίδειον Αρρεναγωγείον (Christodoulidion boys school), in honour of the founders and benefactors Kyriakos and Maria Christodoulou, wealthy Lemnians from Cairo, also instrumental in the erection of metropolitan church of Myrina and the founding of the Lemnian Brotherhood. The school had about 80 students and in 1874 became the community school. Initially with three classes, in 1909 adding another class and another in 1912.</p><br>
<p>An all-girls school was established in 1905, named Fergadiotiko, after its founder Athanasios Feragadiotis who came to lemons from Smyrne.</p><br>
<p>The two schools merged in 1920 and formed a primary (six classes) mixed school 1920, which was eventually housed in an impressive new school in building in 1931. Originally it functioned with three teachers and later with two eventually with only one teacher in 1963. Eventually it was closed in the 80’s due to lack of students. Today part of it functions as a nursery school. The main benefactors were Vassilios and Pinelopi Tselios, Yiorgos and Myrsine Constantinou as well as Antonios Velissaridis.</p><br>
<p>Amongst many, notable teachers of the Portionou School were: Christos Kontellis (1916–22, 1923–44), Emmanuel Ioannidis (1922–23, 1928–37), Evangelia Mauroudi (1948–63), Vaios Rigopoulos (1955–63) and Ignatios Papadopoulos (1966–76).</p><br>
<h2>Recent period</h2><br>
<p>From April 1915 up until 1920, hundreds of dead soldiers from the Gallipoli Campaign were buried in the “Allied Cemetery of Portianou”, which stands to this day. There are 352 well-kept graves of British, French, Australian, New Zealand, Egyptian and Indian soldiers in this cemetery. During the Gallipoli Campaign Portianou was chosen as the command centre by the young Winston Churchill, mastermind behind the ill-fated war effort. The seat he used in the house he occupied is on exhibition in the local “Portianou Folkloric Museum”.</p><br>
<p>During 1918–21, hundreds of Russian expatriates and soldiers were accommodated in an area between the villages of Portianou and Tsimandria. They lived in very bad conditions, selling off their belongings in order to survive. Finally, 292 of them died during an epidemic which broke out during 1920–21. They were buried in what is today known as the “Russian Cemetery”, close to the sea.</p><br>
<p>In 1918 Portianon was listed as a community, which included the village of Pesperagon for a few months and later, between 1919 and 1928 the village of Angariones. Between the two World Wars the community witnessed important growth. The population increased to 617 residents in 1920 and in 1938 it numbered 750 residents and 250 houses. Notable amongst other activities, was the establishment the ‘Thriamvos” football club, which played against Livadochori and Moudros in 1931.</p><br>
<p>After the war the village population was in decline due to migration. From a population of 564 people in 1951, today it numbers a population of just above 200. Despite the population drain it still keeps a regional medical office and a Cultural Society. The Local Folklore Museum was established in 1995, featuring traditional dresses, household utensils, farming aids, old photographs and furniture donated by the local people and people from the surrounding villages. A venture by the Athens – Piraeus Portianites who also published a newspaper, “Τα νέα του Πορτιανού”(The Portianou News).</p><br>
<h2>Personalities</h2><br>
<p>Apart from their agricultural and commercial activities, the people of Portianou developed a notable cultural and artistic tradition which is alive to this day.</p><br>
<p>Notable stonemasons were Xenophon Keramidas, Constantinos Vogdanos, Paris Vogdanos, Demetris Vogdanos, Panayiotis Fergadiotis and others.</p><br>
<p>Icon painters such as Gregorios, Manos and Stratonikos Papamalis, and artists like Yiannis Papaioannou (Pagonis) and Andreas Kontellis among others</p><br>
<p>Educators and writers, notably Despina Vogdanou – Constantiou who became the mayor of Myrina and Costas Kontellis who wrote an excellent monogram on “Portianou of Lemnos”, with a great deal of information and photographs about the history of the village during the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>“Portianou of Lemnos” by Costas Kontellis, 1998.</p><br>
<p>“Lemnos and its villages” by Th. Belitsos 1994.</p><br>
<p>Vasiliki Tourptsoglou-Stefanidou Adventurous And Geographic Features On Lemnos Island (15th to 20th Centuries) (Ταξιδιωτικά και γεωγραφικά κείμενα για τη νήσο Λήμνο (15ος-20ος αιώνας)=Taxidiotika ke geografika kimena gia ti niso Limno (15os-20os eonas) Thessaloniki 1986</p><br>
<p>Lemnos/Limnos Province CD Rom (Cdrom Επαρχείου Λήμνου=CD Rom Eparcheiou Limnou): Lovable Lemnos</p><br>
<p>The High Falls Historic District corresponds roughly to the downtown section of the hamlet of that name in Marbletown, New York, United States. It is a 21 acre area around the intersection of state highway NY 213, Main Street, Mohonk Road (Ulster County Route 6A0 and Bruceville Road just south of Rondout Creek.</p><br>
<p>Here the Delaware and Hudson Canal once crossed the creek on a large aqueduct, never rebuilt after it burned in the early 20th century. Several pieces of the canals infrastructure, including some well-preserved locks and the canals official National Historic Landmark plaque, are included in its 21 acres (8 ha). While the canal had the greatest effect on the small community, it has not been the only economic force acting on it over the years. It is considered a "distinctive example of mid-19th century semi-urban land use planning."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is an irregularly shaped area centered on the junction of Bruceville, Mohonk and Route 213, mostly following lot lines. It follows Mohonk up to the Delaware and Hudson Canal Museum, in an old church, then its boundary goes east to rear lot lines, then south to the town line at Route 213 with neighboring Rosendale.</p><br>
<p>It includes most properties along the south side of Route 213, and some along Bruceville almost to where it meets the creek. East of there it includes the former canal right-of-way, its empty bed extant, all the way down to the former aqueduct abutment. It goes no farther along 213 than the split between it and its former alignment, now Main Street. It includes the properties in the commercial area along the north side of Main Street and Firehouse Road and the canal as it goes uphill, with some of its locks, and then reaches its western extreme at a thin wedge along the canal&#39;s earlier route along the north side of Main.</p><br>
<p>Within these boundaries are 33 buildings, only four of which are considered non-contributing to the district&#39;s historic character. There are also five structures, all former canal locks. The buildings range from the late 18th century to the mid-20th, and the canal infrastructure was mostly built in the middle of the 19th. The entire area is developed except for the short stretch of canal north between 213 and the creek, which is wooded.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>High Falls takes its name from the nearby feature on the Rondout, where the creek cuts through a large rock formation and goes over a large waterfall. It was an attractive source of water power, and millers were drawn to it from colonial times. The first bridge to nearby Stone Ridge, on the main road through the valley between the Shawangunks and Catskills, was built during this time. The stone Jacob DePuy House, from 1797 (expanded in mid-19th century), reflects this era and retains much of its original fabric.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, a cotton and woolen factory in the hamlet made it a center of local manufacturing, serving many of the farms in the surrounding area. This set the stage for the construction and opening of the canal in 1828. The D & H was built to transport anthracite coal from Northeastern Pennsylvania to New York City via Kingston, where it was transferred to ships plying the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>High Falls would be important not only for its location at a key water crossing, spanned by a John A. Roebling aqueduct, and frequent layover on the canal, but for the natural cement discovered at nearby Rosendale during the canals construction, which needed the millpower. As the canal remained in operation for the remainder of the century, it would transform the hamlet from an isolated rural community to a bustling, yet small, industrial town, especially after the canal was expanded in 1850 to handle bigger barges. In addition to the facilities built by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, such as a lock tenders house and general store, small stores and shops were built nearby to take advantage of the canal traffic. They and the hamlet&#39;s street and block layout still exist today, a testament to that period.</p><br>
<p>Development declined along with the canals fortunes, and the district has changed little since the canal ceased operations in 1899, other than the states relocation of the portion of Route 213 that goes through it in 1956. Its post-canal future began thirty years earlier. The road extending down from the Shawangunks had made High Falls a point of embarkation via carriage for canal or rail travelers destined for Mohonk Mountain House atop the ridge. This may have helped it establish itself as a vacation or weekend destination of its own, a reputation it still enjoys today. The nearby hills and fields and their mountain vistas are home to many second homes for residents of New York City and its downstate suburbs. The shops and stores are now boutiques and restaurants that cater to them on weekends and in summertime.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Three locks and two other structures from the canal are included in that property&#39;s National Historic Landmark designation. Several properties within the district are notable; none have yet been separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Delaware and Hudson Canal Museum, 23 Mohonk Road. Six years after its founding, the congregation built the St. John&#39;s Episcopal Memorial Chapel in the 1880s after a summer resident of the area donated the money. It was converted to its present use in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Depuy Canal House, 1315 Route 213. Home and tavern of early landowner built in 1797 and now one of the district&#39;s most recognizable landmarks.</p><br>
<p>DeGraff House, 1304 Route 213. This ornate brick Italianate home built in 1855 was later the home of a cement-works supervisor.</p><br>
<p>Dutch Reformed Church Parsonage, 1300 Route 213. Greek Revival building dating to 1875. It is also now a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Hasbrouck Barn and Dwelling, 121–125 Main Street. This ornate Greek Revival residence, with stone wall, iron fence and carriage step, was built in the mid-19th century. Its English-style frame barn has been converted into a residence.</p><br>
<p>I. Hasbrouck House and Store, 5-7 Second Street. This two-story frame building was constructed by the canal company as a feed store around 1850. Original storefronts remain on street level.</p><br>
<p>High Falls Reformed Church, 4 Firehouse Road. An outgrowth of the congregation at nearby Alligerville put this two-story brick building up in 1867.</p><br>
<p>J.B. Shaw House, 17 Mohonk Road. A brick house built in 1875 with some Greek Revival features. The property includes several outbuildings, one of which is a lock tender&#39;s shelter that predates it.</p><br>
<p>I.H. Snyder Store, 1209 Route 213. Built around 1875, this two-story Italianate frame building with a hipped roof also has its original storefront.</p><br>
<p>Temperance House, 1205 Route 213. The William Quick family operated this as the Cliff House from 1895–1949. A two-story open porch spans the five-bay facade</p><br>
<p>Towpath House, 6-8 Second Street. In 1820 the canal company added onto this 1787 frame house, the oldest building in the district.</p><br>
<p>Jan Van Hoesen House is an early-18th-century house in New York State. Driving northeast on NY 66 from Hudson to Chatham, just east of Claverack Creek, stands sentinel a vacant medieval-looking brick structure over the Dutch Acres Mobile Home Park. Like the Columbia County Historical Society&#39;s Luykas Van Alen House in Kinderhook, this steeply pitched roof, parapet-gabled house is a rare surviving example of a type of rural house characteristic of the upper Hudson Valley in the first half of the 18th century. Van Hoesen house is located on Route 66, north of the City of Hudson.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural influences</h2><br>
<p>The house, built between 1715 and 1724, is one of approximately seven similar brick dwellings to survive into the 21st century. Built usually in an elongated rectangular form of brick over a timber frame, these residences varied in the arrangement of windows, doors, and rooms according to the tastes of their owner. The style originated in the 16th-century Netherlands and was descendant of medieval longhouses.</p><br>
<p>The form was introduced into New Netherland before the mid-17th century, but did not become prevalent in the region of Columbia County until about 1715, a period of economic prosperity. According to cultural historian Ruth Piwonka, such brick houses are not merely farmhouses but substantial upper-middle-class residences expressing tastes and prosperity in a northern European manner.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural features and layout</h2><br>
<p>The house&#39;s southwesterly gable wall contains a thin engaged chimney flue that enabled the occupants to benefit from fireplaces in the cellar and on the main floor. This is also a rare example of such construction although it is known to have once been common throughout the region. The doorway at the corner leading to a cellar kitchen is original to the house as are the garret and granary window openings and frames. Wrought-iron fleur-de-lis beam anchors on both gables and iron gutter hangers are also distinctive surviving features.</p><br>
<p>The tin roof is a later replacement for the shingled or possibly tiled original roof. The easterly gable of the house contains five windows and a door. The first floor windows and door are later additions. The second floor windows are alterations of original windows and one even shows evidence of an early window frame. The granary windows are also original openings.</p><br>
<p>The truly principal feature of this gable, however, are die initials "T" and "I V H" worked in the masonry in black clinker brick headers. These are the monograms of the first occupants of the house, Jan van Hoesen (1687–1745) and his wife Tanneke. The "T" stands for Tanneke, given name of the wife of Jan Van Hoesen, Tanneke Wittbeck. The letters "V" and "H" stand for Jans family name Van Hoesen. Jans given name is represented by the letter "I", which is the Dutch representation of the letter "J".</p><br>
<h2>Evolution of the structure</h2><br>
<p>Modifications from the late 18th century and periods in the 19th century are represented in this structure. More details on this subject are sought.</p><br>
<h2>Family history</h2><br>
<p>Jan van Hoesen, who married in 1711 Tanneke Witbeck, a daughter of Hendrick Witbeck of Claverack, was a grandson of Jan Franse van Hoesen. It was the elder Van Hoesen who in 1662 purchased from the Mohicans the tract of land that included the present city of Hudson and town of Greenport. Jan, nonetheless, served as a deacon in the Lutheran church at Lunenberg (presentday Athens) across the Hudson River and, along with his wife, was extremely active in Lutheran church affairs. Jan and Tanneke had eleven children, of whom three sons appear at the locality of this house at the time of the Revolution. And the house remained in the family for several generations.</p><br>
<h2>Significance and current activity</h2><br>
<p>As the most intact remaining example of a type of Dutch architecture unique to the Hudson Valley, the Jan van Hoesen house is significant. It reflects the tastes and life style of the prosperous Hudson Valley Dutch freeholder, who is often overlooked by a historical emphasis on the lifestyle of the manor lords. The house was nominated to the New York State Inventory of Historic Resources in January 1976. Around 2008 the Van Hoesen House Historical Foundation was established for the purpose of promoting public awareness of the structure and eventually protecting and preserving it. In February, 2009, the home was included on the "Seven To Save" list of endangered historic properties by the Preservation League of New York State.</p><br>
<p>In June, 2011, New York State Museum researchers began the first phase of an archaeological excavation project at the Van Hoesen house site in Claverack, New York. They will be searching for buried artifacts that could reveal details about colonial life in the Hudson Valley.</p><br>
